amntrans AMNESTY HEARINGS 1998-07-25 PRETORIA https://sabctrc.saha.org.za/hearing.php?id=52761&t=&tab=hearings https://sabctrc.saha.org.za/originals/amntrans/1998/98072031_pre_cosatu6.htm ADRIAAN J VLOK: (s.u.o.) CHAIRPERSON Would you place yourself on record? MR DANE I am Adv Dane, on behalf of the Council of Churches. CHAIRPERSON Thank you. MR RADITAPOLE Mr Chair, before Adv Dane proceeds, I would like to place myself on record also. The name is Raditapole, I am appearing on behalf of COSATU, we are from Cheadle, Thompson & Haysom, having replaced Mr Mafojane who is not available. We had a discussion during the break and we thought in view of the reservation of cross-examination on Annexure G that was handed in last week, that perhaps it would make sense that we finish off cross-examination of that aspect, particularly in the light of the previous evidence and then let the SACC have a full run as they had reserved. CHAIRPERSON Who do you wish to cross-examine on Annexure G? MR RADITAPOLE Mr Chairman, we would like to cross-examine both Mr Vlok and Gen Van der Merwe. CHAIRPERSON ... rather than Mr Dane, the idea was that the South African Council of Churches will then have an uninterrupted run, and I think it may be better if we clear up this before you commence yours. MR DANE As it please you Mr Chairman. MR THULARE As it pleases the Commission. MR VISSER Excuse me Mr Chairman, there is a rule and a very sensible one, that witnesses should not be cross-examined by different legal advisors from the same party. I just want to mention that, I thought that Mr Vlok was in fact cross-examined by Mr Mafojane, apart from Annexure G. CHAIRPERSON Yes, but it is only Annexure G, that he is going to ask about. MR VISSER Then I have no problem with that Mr Chairman. CHAIRPERSON Would you place yourself on record? MR DANE I am Adv Dane, on behalf of the Council of Churches. CHAIRPERSON Thank you. MR RADITAPOLE Mr Chair, before Adv Dane proceeds, I would like to place myself on record also. The name is Raditapole, I am appearing on behalf of COSATU, we are from Cheadle, Thompson & Haysom, having replaced Mr Mafojane who is not available. We had a discussion during the break and we thought in view of the reservation of cross-examination on Annexure G that was handed in last week, that perhaps it would make sense that we finish off cross-examination of that aspect, particularly in the light of the previous evidence and then let the SACC have a full run as they had reserved. CHAIRPERSON Who do you wish to cross-examine on Annexure G? MR RADITAPOLE Mr Chairman, we would like to cross-examine both Mr Vlok and Gen Van der Merwe. CHAIRPERSON ... rather than Mr Dane, the idea was that the South African Council of Churches will then have an uninterrupted run, and I think it may be better if we clear up this before you commence yours. MR DANE As it please you Mr Chairman. MR THULARE As it pleases the Commission. MR VISSER Excuse me Mr Chairman, there is a rule and a very sensible one, that witnesses should not be cross-examined by different legal advisors from the same party. I just want to mention that, I thought that Mr Vlok was in fact cross-examined by Mr Mafojane, apart from Annexure G. CHAIRPERSON Yes, but it is only Annexure G, that he is going to ask about. MR VISSER Then I have no problem with that Mr Chairman. MR RADITAPOLE Indeed Chair, clearly there would be aspects, I am going to try to restrict myself to Annexure G. There will be some incidents where the bounds will go beyond of Annexure G because of the nature of the evidence. CHAIRPERSON We are not going to have a second cross-examination of Mr Vlok though. Your clients have already had an opportunity of cross-examining and the right was reserved in respect of Annexure G and obviously any matter arising directly there from. MR RADITAPOLE I am mindful of that Chair, I am in the Court's hands, the Commission's hands. I propose to start off by placing the contents of Annexure G on record before we deal with the applicant's response to them. I start on the first page of the Annexure and I will just go very quickly through the incidents. CHAIRPERSON You are not going to read all these incidents into the record, are you? There are 46 different items, he has a copy of Annexure G before him. Is it necessary to read it onto the record, it already forms part of the record as an Exhibit? MR RADITAPOLE Well Chair, in the light of the evidence that we have just heard, I do have a particular line that I would like to follow. I am happy to refer to some of the incidents, to give a gist of the nature of the incidents and take comment. MR VISSER Mr Chairman, may I just perhaps request what the status of this document is, because I see that reference is made to certain newspaper articles substantiating the facts contained in this document. I don't know if my learned friend is going to call evidence to substantiate this evidence or what the status of it is? CHAIRPERSON They are merely there. If the witness agrees that that is correct, it is evidence, if not, it isn't. MR VISSER Thank you Mr Chair. CHAIRPERSON The purpose of putting them there was to put them before and make them available to the legal advisors of the other applicant. MR RADITAPOLE If I may Chair. Chair, I will start by saying this. These incidents are a narration of the attacks on the property of COSATU, attacks on the property of COSATU's affiliates, attacks on members and officials of COSATU, including murders and I will pick, the first incident relates to the injury of the Vice-President of Metal and Allied Workers Union in Natal Region, Mr Jeffrey Bilany, in a petrol bomb attack. There are various attacks on offices in the regional office of COSATU in Natal, in PE. There is break ins into offices of COSATU and then of course there is the major issue the bombing of COSATU House, that is referred to on point 8. There is repeated attacks on Feedwell House in PE which houses many COSATU affiliates. There is vandalising of property. Documents are stolen, again the same modus operandi, bomb blast at Cape Town Community House which houses COSATU's Western Cape offices and its affiliates. The list goes on and on, as you correctly pointed out there is about over 40 incidents. These are incidents that we knew about at the time of the trial of Jay Naidoo, Sidney Mufamadi, Moss Mayikiso and Baba Schalk and that is not conclusive. I think it is clear to us and I would like some comment from the applicant in relation to the completeness of this list. CHAIRPERSON It is clear is it not that this list has been prepared by references to newspapers, magazines and things of that nature? None of it appears to be direct information, it is all - appears to be as I understand the list, extracts from newspapers? MR RADITAPOLE The extracts from the newspapers are simply confirmation, it is information from COSATU's offices and related people. CHAIRPERSON The list doesn't say that at all, the list says each one, each item on that list is then followed by Sowetan, 19-11-1987, Weekly Mail, 30-10-1987, Star, which would appear that it is based on a report in those newspapers? MR RADITAPOLE Chair, the reference to the newspapers are simply confirmation of what happened. This is information from COSATU itself and this is, the reference to newspapers is simply confirmation of what did happen. CHAIRPERSON (No audio) CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR RADITAPOLE Thank you Chair. Mr Vlok, having gone through this list, could you tell us your view about COSATU's impressions that all these attacks formed the basis of a major campaign against COSATU of which the bombing for which you are applying for amnesty for, was only part of? MR VLOK Chairperson, I comprehend COSATU's issue in this regard. This is also my problem. These things happened approximately 10 to 12 years ago and the necessary documentation has in many cases, been rendered unavailable. As Mr Raditapole has said, I have studied the documents and I can in all earnestly tell you that I do not know at all if I look at all these items, there is not a single item for which I personally can accept responsibility or an incident which took place within my field of knowledge. It may well have occurred that some of these incidents as I have indicated in my amnesty application, took place without my knowledge, that is when I came to you and requested that you hear my case and that you assist me. You told me that blanket amnesty was not available. There might be certain cases of which I don't know, however, if I was aware of any of these cases, in which I might have been directly or indirectly involved, I would have made full use of this opportunity to apply for amnesty in respect thereof. I think that one should consider posing these very same questions to Gen Van der Merwe, who had closer contact with those on ground level. MR RADITAPOLE Am I correctly understanding you then to be saying that other than the instruction in relation to COSATU House, you issued no other instruction of a similar nature against COSATU or any of its affiliates? MR VLOK That is correct. MR RADITAPOLE Did you gain any knowledge about any such attacks? MR VLOK No Chairperson. MR RADITAPOLE The pattern of these attacks, would you agree that if you look at the press clippings, it is on page 9 of Exhibit G, there is a press clipping from the New Nation of the 1st of June 1990, which refers to the bombing of offices of FAWU, Food and Allied Workers Union in Rustenburg, and reference is made that the bombing occurred barely a week after the office of the South African Council of Churches, situated less than 10 metres away, were burgled. If you look at that and you look at the systematic offensive against the SACC, in terms of attacks on offices and burglaries, as well as on COSATU, would you not agree that the pattern is very similar? MR VLOK Chairperson, I would like to notify COSATU that it was not a systematic campaign against COSATU or the South African Council of Churches. There was no systematic attempt to bomb their offices or put them out of business. Once again, I would like to say that something like this might have happened, and I have made provision for that in my amnesty application, I have left the door open, that operatives on ground level could firstly have exercised this within the framework of certain STRATCOM actions or they could have said we have seen what happened in the case of Khotso House and COSATU House and then on the 1st of June 1990, that is approximately two years later, they might have done this. I cannot deny that this would have been possible, but then I have no knowledge thereof and I simply cannot accept responsibility for that, except my moral and political responsibility in the issue. I must indicate that if the operatives had carried out these tasks, the former Commissioner of Police and myself, went out of our ways, to recommend to the ground level operatives that if they were involved in these actions, they should approach Truth Commission and the Amnesty Committee so that they can sort out these matters and if they have not done that, I cannot go any further in assisting COSATU. MR RADITAPOLE During the period in question, these years 1988, 1989, 1990 and so on when these things were happening, was it not incumbent upon you on the basis of your political and moral responsibility, to do something about these attacks on organs of civil society? MR VLOK I would like to indicate to you that these attacks were not only launched on COSATU's offices. The entire country was riddled with bomb explosions, land mine explosions, land mine explosions and so forth. Therefore during this period of time, literally thousands or hundreds of attacks of this nature took place in the country. These large numbers which flowed over my desk, did not bring home the point to me that this was aimed specifically at COSATU or the South African Council of Churches. MR RADITAPOLE Were there or not a number of requests for you as Minister of Law and Order to intervene and to make sure that investigations were carried out in relation to these attacks, specifically on COSATU and its affiliates? MR VLOK Chairperson, I cannot recall that any such request was ever made. It might be so, but then those requests during the normal run of tasks would have been handled, it would have been referred to the Investigative Branch and the Commissioner would have taken the matter further. I apologise for not being able to take it further, and I have mentioned this in my amnesty application, I am sorry that I didn't do anything more to deal with the situation, but Chairperson, you must understand that at that point in time in this country, the number of incidents of unrest and violence, ran into thousands. These went passed me and I am sorry that I couldn't spend more attention on these specific cases. ADV GCABASHE Sir, if I could just ask - maybe I should let you go on. MR RADITAPOLE Mr Vlok, the one thing that is slightly different about COSATU is that you had a pet project. You had a project in relation to COSATU, in other words the bombing of COSATU, you were involved in the bombing of COSATU, so COSATU was not to you, you know, couldn't just be put in the same bag as everybody else in relation to all these attacks, thousands of attacks and hand grenade attacks going around in the country. That is why it is COSATU's view that you have to be answerable in relation to this scheme, this campaign that is so apparent from annexure G. MR VLOK Chairperson, I must indicate to COSATU that we did not have a project to bomb COSATU House. We had information at our disposal, a decision was made that nothing else could be done to deal with that urgent situation which was taking place before the election in 1987. However, there was no campaign to act against COSATU and all its people and everything that it stood for. It might appear that way, but I must reassure you from the side of the Department and the government, there was never any campaign against COSATU as such. And apart from that which I have already indicated regarding my responsibility which I will accept, it is not possible for me to say that I accept the direct responsibility for all these things that took place. I didn't know about it. No one informed me about it, I didn't know about it. MR RADITAPOLE Mr Vlok, did your government not have a campaign against the ANC? MR VLOK Yes. The government ran a campaign against the ANC, but were the ANC and COSATU one and the same thing? MR RADITAPOLE Well, did your government not perceive COSATU to be one of the allies of the ANC? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. MR RADITAPOLE And so, would it not make sense therefore that you have a campaign against your perceived enemy as well as its allies? MR VLOK That was our point which we consistently held, that as long as we could get along with COSATU, we would allow COSATU to apply its activities which it could apply within the law. COSATU was a very important element in the peace making process in South Africa. It was very important to include COSATU in the normalisation process because it was a big strong Trade Union, and that is why we were very cautious not to act against COSATU's leaders, because if we touched COSATU's leaders, we would carry very severe consequences. That is why this is one of the things which is quite a pity, when COSATU was established and did not continue with its Trade Unions and became active on other levels, at various stages, negotiations were held between COSATU officials and relevant government officials in order to achieve control over the situation, but regarding a campaign of destruction of property by means of bombs and arson, this did not exist within the government and it did not exist within me. MR RADITAPOLE Well, I am not sure that I understand by what you mean by this desire to get on well with COSATU, how do you explain the harassment of COSATU leaders? Let's take the case of the State against Jay Naidoo, Sidney Mufamadi, Moss Mayikiso where it was prevailed upon your government to intervene? MR VLOK I am not one hundred percent sure, I am not quite familiar with the case, if Mr Raditapole could perhaps inform me about this, then I can react to that. Can you perhaps just tell me what the date would be of that case. I think it might have been after my time. MR RADITAPOLE Okay, this is around 1990, this was after your time, but it still doesn't help deal with the situation about your government's desire to get on well with COSATU. I will give you the detail just for your comment and see how valid this desire to get on well with COSATU is. This is a case that involved a Policeman that was caught carrying out surveillance outside the offices of COSATU, was taken into the building and kept in the building while the Police were called. That resulted in charges of kidnapping. There was some minor assault apparently which also formed part of the charges, but those charges were quashed and the conviction was purely on the kidnapping charge, still pending in the AD awaiting the outcome of an amnesty application. I am raising it just to say this friendly, this whole idea of keeping hands off COSATU leadership that you have just told us about, certainly is not borne out by the treatment meted out to the leadership of COSATU? MR VLOK Mr Chairman, the decision as to whether there should be a prosecution or not, against anybody who had allegedly committed a crime, that did not rest with me. It wouldn't have come to me. If there had been a request by COSATU that we should do something about it, I think you used the word quashed, then that would not have been within my power, even if I had still been there. If my successor had said well we have received this request, but we can't from the Minister's office simply wipe this charge or case from the table, that was the policy which we followed. We couldn't have helped even if we wanted to. MR RADITAPOLE Mr Vlok, I would like to go back to this theory of a campaign. COSATU feels very strongly that there was a campaign, let's get a comment from you. Having looked at Annexure G would you agree that it appears that there was some campaign against COSATU, even if it was not sanctioned by you? MR VLOK Chairperson, if I look at this document it would appear as if on a country wide level, there was action against COSATU offices. I have to agree with that, it seems as if there could have been something. MR RADITAPOLE Now having raised this issue then, I would like to come back to the reasons for the one bomb blast, the bomb blast that you take responsibility for. As I understand it, it was to in a sense destabilise, confuse COSATU, is that correct? MR VLOK In my amnesty application and during cross-examination, I gave thorough explanation of why we acted against COSATU House, why we could not act against people. That is why we acted in this way, I stand by my evidence. MR RADITAPOLE Chair, I just wish to note that I am not attempting to exceed the bounds that you have indulged me, I just would like to contrast the explanation given for this attack on COSATU House with the campaign as COSATU sees it. You see Mr Vlok, it would seem to COSATU that the reasons you have raised don't seem to make sense, in that COSATU would simply relocate and open up new offices somewhere. But, if this bombing was part of a campaign, then it would make sense in that you are hitting the head and you are hitting the limbs all over the country. What would your comment to that be? MR VLOK I want to reiterate that as far as any plans to paralyse COSATU on a national basis, I had no knowledge of that. I think we succeeded in our objective to act against COSATU at the highest level where this problem originated. I also quoted it in my amnesty application that I think as far as that specific incident was concerned, we were reasonably successful and as far as I am concerned, that was the beginning and the end of that matter. Now you are saying that it actually became an entire campaign. It might appear to be that way to you and if one looks at this whole list which you have given me, but it was never a planned campaign. It was not as if people actually sat down and planned this campaign to hit COSATU country wide. MR RADITAPOLE Let's take it a bit broader. Are you familiar with the formation of UWUSA? MR VLOK Yes, I am aware of that. MR RADITAPOLE Are you aware that UWUSA was generally formed by the military? MR VLOK By? MR RADITAPOLE By the military, by Military Police or Intelligence? MR VLOK It could be that it was founded by the Defence Force. I am not quite sure, but it was established by the State, that is true. MR RADITAPOLE And the purpose of its establishment was to counter COSATU, was it not? MR VLOK UWUSA if I remember correctly, and once again it is now many years ago, was founded before my time, before I became Minister, but yes, it is true it is correct, that UWUSA was seen as a counter, as an alternative Trade Union organisation which could be a voice for the alternative perspective MR RADITAPOLE Yes, for your information COSATU was formed in 1985 and UWUSA in 1986, just to help your recollection as we move on. So you agree that UWUSA was meant then as part of a broader strategy to deal with COSATU, is that correct? MR VLOK Yes, by establishing another Trade Union which could also give voice to a different perspective. You must understand that when I got there at the end of 1986, we found that COSATU by its actions had in respect of many people who did not belong to COSATU or COSATU aligned organisations, had actually intimidated people into joining these organisations. It made sense for there to be an alternative voice to be heard. A voice that could contact employers, for instance when there was a general strike, that there would be a voice that would be able to say we still want to go to work. MR RADITAPOLE At the time that UWUSA became quite active, at the time that it was founded, is it not correct that there was a state of civil war between the ANC and the IFP? MR VLOK Chairperson, this was during 1986, a state of civil war - well I don't know if it was actually a state of civil war between the ANC and the IFP, I know that there was friction between those two parties. They didn't agree as to how the situation should be managed, but I don't know whether one could actually define it as a civil war. MR RADITAPOLE Okay, I am not going into semantics. There was friction, there were incidents of violence and so on, is that not correct? MR VLOK That is correct. MR RADITAPOLE Between the parties, some of which we now know was fomented by organs of the State? MR VISSER Mr Chairman, may I ask we hear the one sweeping statement after the other, is there going to be evidence about this? CHAIRPERSON I don't know and I don't really see the relevance of disturbances between the ANC and the IFP in 1986, in connection with Exhibit G. MR RADITAPOLE Well Chair, the relevance is as follows that the choice is then made to found a Trade Union movement to counter COSATU in circumstances that were already highly volatile and which in fact manifested themselves in the way that they did. I am just trying to push a line that in fact there was a campaign that the State was fully aware of a campaign, that Mr Vlok should, if he wasn't, he should have been aware that there was a massive campaign to try and neutralise COSATU. MR VISSER Mr Chair, it may also be relevant in that my learned friend said that there was a state of civil war between the ANC and the IFP, and that it could just as well have been the IFP who committed these acts instead of the Security Police. MR RADITAPOLE May I proceed Chair? CHAIRPERSON Provided the questions are relevant. The problem is that your clients have already had an opportunity of cross-examining this witness. They do not get a second opportunity by engaging the services of a second counsel to come up later and do the same thing again. MR RADITAPOLE Chair with due respect ... CHAIRPERSON Your clients reserved their right to question on one aspect, they questioned him at some length on other aspects. MR RADITAPOLE With due respect Chair, the questions still relate to Annexure G. If you look at Annexure G, our case is that undoubtedly there is no doubt that there was a massive campaign. CHAIRPERSON The witness has said he knows nothing about it, you will then lead evidence no doubt, to show that there was such a campaign and you can then argue that as the Minister, he must have known about it and he is untruthful. MR RADITAPOLE As you please Chair. Mr Vlok, COSATU then puts to you that you ought to have known and that you probably did know about a national campaign against COSATU, engineered by the State. MR VLOK I want to deny that vehemently, I did not know of this campaign against COSATU. If you want to say that I should have known, I have already told you what my position was, but that I actually knew, that I deny vehemently. CHAIRPERSON Mr Vlok, did you have reference to newspapers in that time? MR VLOK Yes, Mr Chairman. CHAIRPERSON Newspapers such as the Weekly Mail? MR VLOK Yes. CHAIRPERSON Because I see that there are several references to the Weekly Mail of the 15th of May. I have not seen that article, but if the article were to make the allegation that this is part of a policy against COSATU, it would have come to your attention that these allegations were made, wouldn't it? MR VLOK Yes. The way in which we dealt with newspaper clippings etc, was that it was cut out and it was brought to my attention. But I would like to point out that it was of such an extent and a volume, that I couldn't look at each of these personally. CHAIRPERSON No, but a week after the attack on COSATU House, you would have been very conscious of any such allegations, wouldn't you? When was the attack on COSATU House? MR VLOK COSATU House was the 6th and the 7th of May 1987. CHAIRPERSON So the 15th of May would have been the next week's newspaper, at a time when I imagine everybody would have been very sensitive? MR VLOK Yes, you are right. CHAIRPERSON I don't know, I haven't seen that newspaper, I don't know what it says, I merely see that reference is made on page 2 of Exhibit G, to several reports in that newspaper on that day. We have been told I think, that the situation in the country was so explosive at the time, that anything might have set it off? That is so, isn't it? MR VLOK That is correct. MR RADITAPOLE Thank you Chair. Mr Vlok, when you refer to not having knowledge, are you talking about direct knowledge only or are you talking about knowledge in general, even if it was hearsay? MR VLOK As I have indicated to the Chairperson, it might have been that these newspaper reports were brought to my attention and that I saw them. But the Commissioner of the South African Police did not inform me, he did not say to me that this is perhaps something that resulted from our actions at COSATU House, that never happened, because if something like that came to my attention, I would have said we should actually investigate this because this thing can run away with us, and that was never the intention. I want to state again, the intention was to hit COSATU House in that time, so that the organisation would be unable to continue with their work and that we could pacify that strike so that people could continue with their lives. MR RADITAPOLE I am not sure, I might have missed your answer. Just in relation to your general denial about direct knowledge, about knowledge of these incidents that have been listed here. What I want to know is are you denying direct knowledge, or are you denying knowledge, hearsay, knowledge afterwards of any source whatsoever? MR VLOK Mr Chairperson, let me repeat. It was not brought to my attention by the South African Police that this formed part of a campaign. That it was brought to my attention by means of newspaper articles, is so and reports from the SAP often crossed my desk relating to things that happened in the country. So yes, it came to my attention, that I can't deny, but that it would have registered in my mind that this actually formed part of a pattern and of a campaign, and that that was specifically brought to my attention, that is not true. MR RADITAPOLE Then I put it further to you Mr Vlok, that the reasons you have given for the attack on COSATU House are not plausible and that if indeed this was a single attack and not part of a systematic campaign, that it was simply borne out by malice, there was really nothing concrete to gain? MR VLOK I don't agree with Mr Raditapole when he says that it was borne out of malice, it is not true. We tried all possible avenues to try and calm the situation. Many things happened in COSATU House, something which actually later referred to in court, five people had been detained there, five workers had been detained in COSATU House, one had escaped, the other four, their bodies, their charred bodies were later found outside. The evidence has been submitted to this Committee by Gen Van der Merwe, that evidence is available. The people responsible for that, were convicted in a competent court and the judgement is also available. I made it very clear in my evidence that I didn't think and I still don't think that the leaders of COSATU who negotiated and dealt with the labour situation at a very high level, that they knew of everything that was going on. I still don't think so and I said so, but that there were certain elements of people inside that organisation who used that building for other purposes than labour related matters, about that I had absolutely no doubt. The fact that these four people were killed there, that actually emerged during a court case, it is not only me that is saying so, so you are entitled to your opinion. If you say that the reasons weren't plausible and that it was motivated by malice, I deny that and I can only submit to this Commission what I knew and believed at that stage with the information at my disposal, and that was the decision that I took with Gen Van der Merwe, namely that that was the only way in which we could proceed to try and stabilise and contain the situation without further loss of life. MR RADITAPOLE Okay, the last two questions Mr Vlok and I will be done with you. Are you aware of the threat that was made against the then General Secretary of COSATU, Mr Jay Naidoo after he had - after a bomb blast and he had pointed the possibility of the State being involved in the bomb blast, that he could be charged with crimen injuria or something to that effect for laying the blame on the Security Forces. MR VLOK I can recall that there was such a report. I can't remember whether it came to my attention via the Police channels. I don't know whether Mr Naidoo would have reported it to the Police or whether he simply said this at a press conference, but it is possible that there was such a thing and then I would have known about it. MR RADITAPOLE What would you have done about it? MR VLOK If it had come to my attention, I would have told the Commissioner of the South African Police that we should look at the situation, at Mr Naidoo's allegation and that we should make sure that Mr Naidoo, that this threat against him could not be carried out. This is what I did in all cases of this kind, when there were instances of high profile people who said that there were threats against them, I would always say let's investigate and see what is going on. It was in their hands whether they would allow us to do that. That was my view, we had to protect high profile people and leaders because they were essential for the management of the situation. MR RADITAPOLE Yes, so that was your general approach to these sort of issues that would require to be managed. MR VLOK I couldn't have done it myself, that is why I gave the necessary orders and instructions. MR RADITAPOLE Yes, I appreciate that, the only difference I however here is that in relation to this one, you knew absolutely well what was going on? MR VLOK Yes, but I obviously didn't know who had actually made the threat against Mr Naidoo. If I had known about this, I would have been concerned and I would have asked for the matter to be investigated and I would have offered him protection if he had wanted it. MR RADITAPOLE You have said possibly that Gen Van der Merwe may be able to assist us since he was closer to the ground, on some of these issues? MR VLOK That is correct. MR RADITAPOLE With that being the case, I do not have any further questions, thank you. NO FURTHER QUESTIONS BY MR RADITAPOLE . CHAIRPERSON Very good timing. We will now adjourn until quarter to two. COMMITTEE ADJOURNS ON RESUMPTION ADRIAAN J. VLOK (still under oath) CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR DANE You have made your first affidavit for amnesty in December 1996, correct? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And that affidavit was made after Gen Van der Merwe had made his first affidavit as I understand it, in October 1996, is that correct, or don't you know? MR VLOK I wouldn't know. I can only recall that the cut off date for amnesty applications was the 14th, 15th December 1996 and I handed mine in timeously. MR DANE So when you made your first affidavit in December 1996, had you discussed the making of the affidavit with Gen Van der Merwe at any stage? MR VLOK Regarding the information in which Gen Van der Merwe was involved and with which I was involved with him, we did discuss it. MR DANE And when did that take place, can you remember? MR VLOK That took place during the time when we were preparing and compiling the amnesty applications. I would say that would be November and December. MR DANE Well, he already made an affidavit in October 1996 and I come back to my first question. If it was in November, December that you discussed it with Gen Van der Merwe, then you must have been aware that he had already drafted an affidavit? MR VLOK Yes, I saw in the media that he had appeared at an amnesty hearing. MR DANE Mr Vlok, you were speaking to him, you were discussing what you were going to say. Didn't he tell you I have already made an affidavit? MR VLOK Yes, when we discussed my own application which I had to compile, we spoke and we looked at what he was involved with and what I was involved with. MR DANE I see. And when you discussed that, did you discuss COSATU House bombing, COSATU - not Khotso, COSATU House bombing? MR VLOK Yes Mr Chairperson. MR DANE Now, you then did your second affidavit, you did a supplementary affidavit and then your second major affidavit now in July of 1998, is that correct, approximately? MR VLOK Yes, there was an addendum which I included with the following cut off date, I think that was in May and that which I have submitted recently, was supplementary information in order to make it easier for the Committee and the Chairperson to understand the oral evidence much better. MR DANE And when you drafted these two affidavits, the major affidavits not the addendum, because the addendum is a short affidavit, but the two major affidavits, the one done in December last year and the one in July of this year, were you assisted by Attorneys and Advocates to draft that document? MR VLOK I myself prepared the document, but from a legal viewpoint they consulted with me and told me what the requirements of the law were. But regarding the contents of the document, and the legal requirements, they explained to me regarding my responsibilities, my accountability, my acceptances and so forth, as well as the details of what had taken place. That was my responsibility. MR DANE So we can accept that this is then your affidavit? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. MR DANE It is also clear that when you drafted the affidavit, you were fully aware of the requirements of the Reconciliation Act, correct? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE Now, if I can just refer you, do you have a copy of that affidavit before you? MR VLOK Which one? MR DANE That is the first one done in December of 1996, Exhibit Volume 1. Do you have it before you? MR VLOK Yes, I do. MR DANE I refer you particularly to page 11 of that affidavit. CHAIRPERSON: Page 11 of the affidavit or 11 of the Bundle? MR DANE I beg your pardon, page 11 of the Bundle My Lord, it will be page 8 of the affidavit. Do you have that before you? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE And you there say, you refer to the oath that you took, correct? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE And you say that to take up my office as Minister with honour and to uphold the constitution and all other law of the Republic. Do you see that? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And then you go on to say that you as a practising Christian you apply that to the best of your ability? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE Now turn to page 12 of the Bundle, (iii) on page 9 of the affidavit. You then say in regard to your oath of secrecy, that you discussed it with old President P.W. Botha and F.W. de Klerk, is that correct? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE Now when did that occur? MR VLOK Regarding that matter, I have appeared before the Committee and I have been under cross-examination and I have said that I first spoke to Mr Botha during August 1996 and I then spoke with Mr F.W. de Klerk also during August 1996 and if I remember correctly, I told him that I would be applying for amnesty and that at the time of the first submission of the National Party at the Good Hope Centre in Cape Town. MR DANE Did you specify in respect of what acts or offences you were going to apply for amnesty? MR VLOK I told Mr Botha that I would be applying for amnesty for two matters and that would be Khotso House and COSATU House. And I told Mr De Klerk at that very same occasion that before he made his submission to the Truth Commission, this was afterwards, I told him that I had decided for amnesty and that I would be applying for these two matters, that would be Khotso House and COSATU House. MR DANE Is there any reason, I am not going to take this far, but was there any reason why you didn't refer to the Cry Freedom incident to either the ex-President or two Presidents rather? MR VLOK No, there is no specific reason for that. That was a less serious matter and that is why I did not consult them regarding that. MR DANE What was P.W. Botha's reaction to that? MR VLOK Mr Botha told me that I should consider the matter very carefully, that he would leave it to my decision and that he would respect my respect. Mr De Klerk was of the view that if I felt that I wanted to apply for amnesty, he would respect this decision. MR DANE Now if I may just change track for a moment, you became a Deputy Minister of Defence initially, is that correct? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE When exactly was that? MR VLOK That was on the 17th of September 1984. MR DANE And then you became a Deputy Minister of Law and Order? MR VLOK That is correct. That was on the 14th of January 1985. That appears on page 10 of Bundle 1. MR DANE I would just like to get clarity about the State Security Council. When did that come into being? MR VLOK I can't remember the exact date, but it was established by means of a law. It had been in existence when I took up these appointments. MR DANE And so in other words when you became a Deputy Minister, it already existed? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And it existed right up until when approximately? MR VLOK The State Security Council continued existing until the elections and the appointment of a new government on the 10th of May 1994. MR DANE Are you aware who initiated the State Security Council, in other words whose brainchild was it? MR VLOK No, I have no idea. MR DANE When you became a Deputy Minister, did you become a member of the State Security Council? MR VLOK No, if I remember the law correctly there were permanent members, and then there were also coopted members. From time to time I was a coopted member. MR DANE You never became a permanent member? MR VLOK Yes, when I became Minister of Law and Order on the 1st of December 1986. That is when I became a permanent member of the State Security Council. MR DANE And until when did you remain as such, as a permanent member? MR VLOK I remained a permanent member of the State Security Council until I finished my office as Minister of Law and Order, that was the 31st of August 1991. After which if I remember correctly, upon invitation I attended meetings of the Council from time to time. MR DANE As permanent members, who were the permanent members of the State Security Council? MR VLOK Chairperson, the permanent members were the Chairperson who was the State President, then there was the Minister of Defence, who was also a permanent member, the Minister of Law and Order, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and then there were others who attended. ADV DE JAGER Justice? MR VLOK The Minister of Justice was also a permanent member and then there were also other seniors Ministers who from time to time attended the Council. The Minister of Constitutional Development attended most of the time, as well as other senior Ministers who were invited to serve as additional members and then there were also members of the Departments, such as Department Heads, Defence, Law and Order, and I can't remember if they were permanent members, but they also attended the meetings, the Director General of National Intelligence also attended. MR DANE Were they permanent? MR VLOK I am not certain if they were permanent, I suspect so, but they did attend the meetings. MR DANE Did they attend all the meetings while you attended from 1-12-86 to 31-08-91, did they attend all the meetings, the Head of the Military, National Intelligence? MR VLOK It was expected of them, when I say that they attended, it was when I attended. Sometimes you had different obligations and you couldn't attend at all times. MR DANE And the minutes were then circulated to you afterwards, I assume, about what had happened at those meetings? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE Now, how often did they meet, how often did the State Security Council meet? MR VLOK It varied. During the time of unrest, which hit the country from September 1984 when I arrived there, usually every two weeks, every fourteen days, sometimes every week. MR DANE And did the State Security Council formulate policy how to deal with the unrest? MR VLOK The Chairperson received information which he tabled. They made recommendations to the Cabinet. MR DANE And then would the recommendations go to the whole Cabinet? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And the Cabinet would decide whether to implement those recommendations? MR VLOK That is how it was supposed to be. MR DANE Now when you had a State Security Council meeting, was everything that was discussed at that State Security Council meeting, minuted? MR VLOK No. During the meeting minutes would not be taken of everything that was said, but minutes would be taken of decisions and recommendations which were reached. MR DANE If for example a decision was taken to destroy property of persons perceived to be in opposition to the government, would that be minuted and sent to the Cabinet? MR VLOK If a decision like that was made, then it would definitely have been placed in the minutes. MR DANE And it would be sent to the Cabinet? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. MR DANE Now, the Cabinet would then decide whether yes or no? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE As you sit here today, can you remember whether that proposition of destroying property belonging to people who were perceived to be opposed to the government of the day, was ever minuted at the State Security Council meeting? MR VLOK It could not have been placed in the minutes, because a decision like that was never taken. MR DANE Was it ever discussed at a State Security Council meeting, the destruction? MR VLOK It was never discussed. MR DANE Never? MR VLOK Never. ADV GCABASHE Just for clarity Mr Vlok, it is correct that the decision was not discussed, but reports relating to Khotso House or COSATU House would have been discussed, just the difference between the two? Decision and just the general information that was presented at that forum. MR VLOK We received information about incidents, for example if incidents had taken place where property had been destroyed, if we return to the two incidents, it was reported to the State Security Council. The report would say that these institutions were involved in this incident. ADV DE JAGER Mr Vlok, I think what is being asked of you is whether or not there was information regarding certain activities at Khotso House or information regarding planning or attacks and so forth which were being planned by the other powers? MR VLOK That is correct. At each and every one of these meetings, the security situation and incidents, things which had taken place, things which were expected to take place would be given to us. I must emphasise that this was part of the problem that we had, documents were not handed out to us with regard to these incidents. The Secretariat of the State Security Council which consisted of all the information gathering wings, would make a presentation to us with transparencies and slides and we would see this is the situation at schools, this is the situation regarding the boycott actions. All of those things were presented to us, we didn't receive any documentation which we could take home, and that was part of the problem which we are experiencing now. Apart from the fact that most of these things had been destroyed, it is very difficult for me to present this information to you. MR DANE Mr Vlok, STRATCOM, I heard Mr Bellinghan this morning refer to it, what exactly was STRATCOM? MR VLOK STRATCOM stands for Strategic Communication. It was aimed with certain objectives and I have included this in my application. It was completely formulated what the objective of STRATCOM was. If you want, I could look for it and read it to you. I could read what it was about. This was discussed at the State Security Council meeting. MR DANE When was STRATCOM initiated, when did it begin? MR VLOK I don't know, I received information about this when I arrived there. MR DANE When you were a member of the State Security Council and attended as Minister, did Gen Van der Merwe attend? MR VLOK I beg your pardon, I missed the question. MR DANE Did Gen Van der Merwe attend the State Security Council while you were Minister of Law and Order? MR VLOK Yes, when he was the Commissioner of the South African Police. MR DANE Did he ever attend in his capacity as Head of the Security Branch? MR VLOK That was exceptional if indeed he had attended, but I can't recall whether or not he attended any one of those numerous meetings which were held over the years. I can't recall that he attended any of those meetings. MR DANE As I understand your affidavit, correct me if I am wrong, the Security Police at that time, regarded themselves, were indoctrinated I think is the word you suggested at one stage, to support the government of the day and to support the ideals of the National Party, is that correct? MR VLOK We motivated them. I myself participated in that. To put it more strongly, we did indoctrinate them to a certain extent, to support our policy and our objectives. But that wasn't just in support of the National Party, but also in the fight against communism. MR DANE But they were as it were like the storm troops of the government of the day? MR VLOK Yes, I think that you could put it that way. MR DANE And there must have been a very close relationship between you and Gen Van der Merwe when he was Head of the Security Police? MR VLOK As I experienced it, there was a good relationship. MR DANE Did you trust each other? MR VLOK Yes. I trusted Gen Van der Merwe. MR DANE And he clearly trusted you? MR VLOK I think you should ask him that. MR DANE Well, I mean you can give me an opinion, I mean surely. MR VLOK I had a feeling as such. MR DANE And he had been Deputy before he became Head of the Security Police, as I understand it, Deputy Head of the Security Police, or am I incorrect? MR VLOK No. He had the Commissioner and then there was the Deputy Commissioner. MR DANE No before he became Head of the Security Police? MR VLOK No, he was Head of the Security Police. MR DANE Before he became Head of the Security Police, he was the - before he became Chief of the Security Police? MR VLOK That I don't know. MR DANE And I heard from Mr Bellinghan this morning when he was discussing STRATCOM, he said that they had a hard if my memory serves me correctly, a soft division or soft acts that they performed for example, like propaganda and then they did the hard acts, do you remember him saying that? MR VLOK I heard him testify about that. I can't recall whether he used those exact words. MR DANE He suggested that the hard acts would include acts of as I understood his evidence, acts like the bombing of COSATU House and Khotso House. MR VLOK Chairperson, might I answer it like this. Can I refer you to page 78 of my original documents, in which I stated how it actually functioned. Paragraph 1.2, page 78, projects approved. With the aim of combating revolutionary threats against the country, the government made use of so-called strategic communication or anti-propaganda actions. The objective thereof was essentially the promotion of the principles, norms and values to which the South African government had committed itself and the exposure of dangers of atheist doctrinaire and totalitarian political systems, which had failed elsewhere and had ruined economies. This took place upon these levels and in order to increase the effectiveness thereof, these actions were executed on a covert manner. The departments who were equipped to handle this and the implementation thereof, was left to the Minister and his department. They had to report to the State President and the Committee on an annual basis. The Department submitted a memorandum to the Minister for approval. After the Minister approved it, the implementation thereof was left to the operative on lower levels. Although feedback regarding progress was given from time to time, it took place purely in broad terms and normally did not go into detail. In this process offences may have been committed, of which I am totally unaware, but for which I can ultimately be held responsible. So therefore a memorandum was submitted to me regarding those terrain which I have mentioned and it was then left to the Departmental Head and those on ground level. MR DANE Mr Vlok, my question to you was that Mr Bellinghan testified that as part of this organisation, there was soft acts and there were hard acts. Soft acts were for example propaganda like the disinformation pertaining to COSATU House to which I will return later, and hard acts which were like the actual offence of the bombing of COSATU House and Khotso House. That is as I understood his evidence as he testified this morning. MR VISSER If I may intervene here Mr Chairman, with Mr Dane's permission. My Attorney and myself have a different note, but we may both be wrong. We don't have a note to say that Bellinghan said that it included attacks on property. I am just mentioning it and I would request you just to look at your notes if you would please Mr Chairman, because it does not coincide with our note. But we may be wrong. I can tell you Mr Chairman, that my note is that there were soft STRATCOM actions, disinformation, etc and then active measures, an action that was calculated to have some effect, I think were the words that he used. But I am not certain. ADV DE JAGER Before tea this morning, or after tea? MR VISSER After tea, Mr Chairman. MR VAN DER MERWE Mr Chairman, my recollection accords with Mr Visser's recollection. MR DANE Mr Chairman, perhaps if I could move on, I will ... MR MPSHE If I may help, it is when Mr Bellinghan was explaining or discussing paragraph 7, 8, 10 and 11 of Annexure N. Just under there. ADV DE JAGER Paragraph 8 I think. MR MPSHE Yes, paragraph 7, 8 and 11 of N, immediately thereafter. MR VISSER A reference ... MR MPSHE When he was explaining paragraph 7, 8, 10 and 11 of Annexure N. MR VISSER Mr Chairman, a reference might be to Annexure R. My Attorney's recollection is that it was very soon after Annexure R, that letter of congratulations to Mr Bellinghan was handed up, that this evidence was given. In any event, I wasn't intending to oppose any question Mr Chairman, and I am sure my learned friend can continue without that issue. MR DANE Mr Chairman, if I can perhaps carry on. It has taken some time and with respect I would suggest that it is not crucial to the continuation of my questioning. CHAIRPERSON I recollect him saying that when he was referring to the active, he said they would have the effect set out in paragraph 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3, set out in his ... MR DANE Mr Chairman, 8.1 in his affidavit reads persuasion, 8.2 force, 8.3 destruction or elimination. CHAIRPERSON I don't think he referred particular to an incident. MR DANE MR VLOK Chairperson, I did hear him. MR DANE He also testified that the Security Police, they often used words like eliminate, destroy, take out, etc. The effect whereof which meant kill. Did you hear him say that? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE Kill is murder, correct? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE And he said that that was how the Security Police understood it to be, the situation to be and they applied it as I understood his evidence, is that correct? MR VLOK In my amnesty application I have indicated that in no document which I sent out, and in no discussion which I led with people, I ever used the word eliminate. However, I also said that in documentation which was available in the State situation, which was circulated, which could have gone as far as the operative level, these words eliminate, take out and so forth appear in my application. I have a whole list of such terms. I have said that we cannot distance ourselves from these people. If they interpreted those terms as such, then we must accept that we have a political and moral responsibility and accountability therefore. In no memorandum regarding STRATCOM which was submitted to me, did I ever approve hard or soft actions. I never approved it because it was never presented to me. I didn't know that in the execution of these STRATCOM attempts and operations - let me put it this way, I did not approve the use of hard actions. But that someone could have interpreted it as such, cannot be disputed and I cannot escape from that. Not from my words and not from the formal approval which I gave, but that he might have interpreted the entire context and said well, within the broad set up it has been approved, I must go ahead and this is what must be done. MR DANE Mr Vlok, as I understood his evidence, it was more than just an interpretation of what the words meant. He actually said that they drew up lists, the Security Police, STRATCOM, they drew up lists of people to eliminate and he in fact went further, he said if one of the Security Police ... MR VAN DER MERWE No Mr Chairman, that is just not true Mr Chairman. That wasn't the evidence Mr Chairman. That evidence came from a previous hearing. I don't know if my learned friend is confusing the evidence in this hearing from the evidence in a previous hearing. MR DANE If I may continue Mr Chairman, he in fact even went so far as to say that if a member of the Security Police became a risk, he would go onto a list, or could go onto a list to be eliminated. ADV DE JAGER Yes, but he didn't say a list for elimination. I asked him the question about it and I was very careful in listening to it because I also thought that that may imply an elimination list. It may imply it, but he never said it. MR DANE Well, as it please Mr Chairman. We will no doubt ask him when he gets here, what kind of list a potential risk to the Security Police would go on to. Mr Vlok, as I understood his evidence and I am not going to debate this at this stage much further, the hard aspect of the STRATCOM was in fact to perpetrate acts of violence, that is how I understood his evidence and we no doubt will ask him when he comes back to elucidate on what he meant by hard activities. But and this is a very general question, while you were Minister, we now know as I understand it and please correct me if I am wrong in terms of dates, but I understand that people were eliminated by members of the South African Police at the time, is that correct? MR VLOK Yes, as I have heard it. That which I have now been informed of. MR DANE We have also heard for example of the Pebco 4 who were killed down in the Eastern Cape, Pebco 3, I beg your pardon, I stand corrected, the Pebco 3 who were killed down in the Eastern Cape, is that correct? MR VLOK I heard about that. MR DANE Was that during your term of office as Minister that they were killed? MR VLOK Can you tell me when this took place? MR DANE Off hand, I don't know, that is why I am asking you? MR VLOK I off hand don't know either. MR VISSER 1985 Mr Chairman. MR DANE 19? MR VISSER 1985. MR DANE 1985. You weren't the Minister in 1985? MR VLOK No, on the 1st of December 1986 I became the Minister. MR DANE You were the Deputy Minister in 1985? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE Of the Police? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE Under Mr Louis le Grange? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE The reason I ask these questions is that I just want to know in regard to the State Security Council, we know that certain Policemen were acting unlawfully in the Eastern Cape, we know that certain incidents occurred here about which you have claimed amnesty for and which I will debate with you. Was there no correlation about the various unlawful activities carried on by the Security Forces? You've got the State Security Council that in fact deals almost once a week, sometimes twice a week - or twice a week, sometimes once a week, with all the incidents going on throughout the country as I understand it, to monitor the unrest, correct? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE Monitoring what is going on in Education, monitoring who is destroying buildings, monitoring what is going on with the labour movement. Did nobody ever bother to monitor these activists that were murdered in circumstances where there was no investigation that was ever successfully completed at that time? MR VLOK But it wasn't only activists who passed away during this time. MR DANE Answer my question please Mr Vlok. I am not speaking about ... MR VISSER Mr Chairman, with great respect to my learned friend. The witness is trying to answer his question. CHAIRPERSON Wasn't he avoiding the question by saying it was not only activists, when the question was particularly about activists? MR VLOK Mr Chairman, I am simply trying to explain that many people passed away during this time, thousands died, among others activists, and every casualty and I am including the activists in this, every casualty was investigated by the Police, post mortems were held, the regular legal process ran its course. If there was a perpetrator or if somebody was accosted, he would appear in court. But there was never a special task force which was appointed to investigate the deaths of activists only. MR DANE Are you suggesting Mr Vlok, that in the cases where activists were killed, that there were genuine inquests held? MR VLOK Yes, as far as I am concerned. MR DANE And you are suggesting a genuine inquest is an inquest where the Police actually formulate a whole set up as it were, to explain the death of somebody and to blame it on somebody else but not them, is that what you are saying? MR VLOK During an inquest, the evidence would be submitted to the relevant legal body. The relevant Police person would submit the evidence and information to the Magistrate. MR DANE I will leave that. I want to carry on with your affidavit if I may. You make the point in page 12, Volume 1 in fact page 9 of your first affidavit - do you have it before you Mr Vlok? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE You say - (v) regarding the maintenance of the constitution and other law, I regarded it as my absolute duty to carry this out as effectively as possible. As Minister of Law and Order, it meant to me that I and the South African Police were bound by duty to observe all the laws of the country and maintain law and order in protection of the general public. This included laws regarding which myself and the South African Police did not agree, but it was our duty. What laws are you referring to there that you didn't agree with? MR VLOK The law on Separate Amenities. I did not agree with that at all. We had to go and catch people in parks and we didn't want to go and catch them. I gave instructions regarding that, I suggested that we stop that kind of activity, that we shouldn't arrest somebody simply because they were sitting on a park bench. That is the one that came to mind immediately. I also had a problem with the Immorality Act. MR DANE And from when was that, when did you have those problems? MR VLOK I have always felt that those laws should not have been applied. MR DANE If I carry on with your application, I see and I am not going to deal with it in great detail, much of it deals with the conflicts between the liberation movement and your justification for your approach, namely that you were fighting against Marxism and Leninism is that correct, the communists? MR VLOK Yes, it was important to me to fight against them and to do my best to prevent them from taking over the country. MR DANE No, as I am saying I am not going to deal with that in detail, otherwise we will never, ever finish. But it seems from your second affidavit if I may refer you to page 10 thereof, that is your second affidavit from July, paragraph 42. Do you have it in front of you? MR THULARE Annexure A. MR DANE Exhibit A, I beg your pardon, thank you. CHAIRPERSON What page? MR DANE Page 10 Mr Chairman. Do you see that before you, do you have it before you? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE And you make the comment, I as many fellow countrymen realise today irrevocably that apartheid was wrong and a mistake. You go on to say, you then give an explanation as to why you realise it was wrong, it didn't enjoy the support of the majority of the South Africans, therefore it could never succeed, you attempted to force it on many people, it was morally indefensible and because I am translating - because it applied and took away the dignity of persons in the lands of their birth, merely because of colour, would that be a more or less correct summary of it? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE And you go on to say it was also morally incorrect because it split up families, communities, etc. Do you see that? You go on to page 11 and you amplify that as to why it was wrong. Now, what I would like to know from you is, you Mr Vlok, when did you reach the conclusion that it was morally indefensible? MR VLOK Chairperson, for me it was not a Damascus experience in which I awoke one morning and realised that we had been wrong. I came to the realisation that the operation of apartheid was unfair towards my neighbour and my fellow countrymen, and it is something which grew within me over a period of time, and I realised that we could no longer continue with apartheid. MR DANE When did it start with you, this doubt of the moral indefensibility of it? MR VLOK It came forward much stronger within me during the early 1980 years. MR DANE Before 1984? MR VLOK Definitely. MR DANE You started to realise that the policy was wrong, and did you realise that it was not ever going to succeed? MR VLOK I realised that it was wrong, and that something had to be done about it. MR DANE Did you accept for example that it was declared I think in Kerk en Samelewing in 1986, to be a grievous sin, racism, did you accept that? MR VLOK I didn't see Kerk en Samelewing in order to determine whether it was a sin. MR DANE Never heard of Kerk en ... MR VLOK I heard about Word and Deed, and Kerk en Samelewing, but in which time did they accept this as a sin? MR DANE I think it was in 1986, racism was accepted as a grievous sin. MR VLOK Yes, that is correct, that I accepted. MR DANE Now, to follow on from that, you say at page 15 of your second affidavit, paragraph 53 because apartheid was wrong, opposition thereto was justified. Democratic methods to bring apartheid to an end, was justified. MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE When was that your attitude? MR VLOK That was my view as from that time, before 1984. MR DANE What type of democratic methods did you have in mind as being justified to end apartheid by those who were opposed to apartheid? MR VLOK I tried to set that out in the document, that the government before 1984 on the 17th of August 1984, when I became Deputy Minister, we then already started doing away with apartheid in a democratic way in that in Parliament and Cabinet, people of colour were incorporated. People were given power. The country at large, the coloureds and Asians got the vote. The blacks unfortunately the majority of black people, did unfortunately not have the vote, and I want to emphasise that that was an unfortunate situation, it was a mistake. The method to correct that, to change that, was by democratic means. MR DANE Mr Vlok, with respect, that wasn't an answer to my question. You stated in your affidavit that opposition to apartheid, was justified and that democratic methods to oppose apartheid, was justified. My question to you was what democratic methods did you envisage at the time, could be applied by those who were opposed to apartheid? CHAIRPERSON Did he say opposed or did he say democratic methods to bring apartheid to an end, which is what he has just been arguing, that was to be done by the Nationalist Party? MR DANE As it pleases you Mr Chairman. MR VLOK May I try and assist. The democratic methods which I envisaged were for instance the negotiations with our fellow citizens and the establishment of political parties so that people could register political parties and thereby continue in a democratic way. I would like to refer you to the document in which I explained the government's strategy on this point. One of the crucial elements was the fact of a political dispensation which would be acceptable not only to me, and for the whites, but acceptable for the majority of the people in this country. That was one of the strategies. The others were and you will find that in my first document, security action and the second leg of that was good governance to deal with critical problems such as jobs, etc. That was one of the elements. MR DANE Mr Vlok, I don't want to go into this in detail but you made the point here that one of the methods, democratic methods to bring an end to apartheid, would have been to form a political party. Well, that practically from the perspective from black South Africans at the time is nonsensical, correct? MR VLOK It wasn't possible, but we were busy negotiating with them so that it would become possible. MR DANE Right, what other democratic methods could be used in your mind, by persons who wanted to bring apartheid to an end? MR VLOK Negotiate with the government. MR DANE Is that all? MR VLOK The government's door was open. Negotiations to get to that point. MR DANE Not for example to say to people you must demonstrate against or boycott for example, have a consumer boycott would that not be a democratic method to bring apartheid to an end? MR VLOK Mr Chairman, I don't have a problem with ordinary boycotts etc, but my experience in the South African Police was that these boycotts and demonstrations usually led to violence and unrest and where people were intimidated to take part in these activities. That was also not democratic. MR DANE Mr Vlok, that is why I don't want to get into a debate about your affidavit pertaining to your so-called reasons for your just war as it were, because on the one hand you say boycotts ended in violence and you say that is why you were opposed to it, but the other side will say the reason why it ended in violence was because the Police shot first. I don't want to get into that debate. I am looking at the point purely from what you regarded as democratic methods to end apartheid, and I said to you one of them could be boycott and you said yes. Forget about the application of the democratic method, I am talking about a democratic method. Are you with me, are you understanding? MR VLOK I understand, but I would also like to point out that my reasons for doing what I did, was not so-called reasons, they were real reasons. MR DANE I am talking about the democratic - you say boycotts is a democratic method as far as you are concerned? MR VLOK If it takes place within the parameters of the law, yes. MR DANE And protest marches as well? MR VLOK If it happens within the law, yes. MR DANE And if it is outside of the law, what would you have done at the time? MR VLOK Then we have to deal with it, because we were responsible for law and order. MR DANE Now, if you look at page 8 of your second affidavit, apropos of coming to Khotso House, you read paragraph 28, do you see it in front of you? MR VLOK Yes, correct. MR DANE I am going to read it in Afrikaans, although every action about which this document deals with, took place within the framework of government policy and instructions, as established by a political party, namely the National Party I was compelled by the Act to personally apply. Do you see that? MR VLOK Yes, I do. MR DANE What are you saying, what does that mean that section, does that mean that the act of bombing COSATU House fell within government policy, is that what you are saying? MR VLOK May I please explain? The National Party and the government, were one. The National Party and the government resisted a take over of South Africa by communist forces, Marxist inspired forces. To prevent that, we acted in the way in which we did. And the crucial element, the National Party were for freedom of religion and if the communist, Marxism took over, that would have been the end of religious freedom. We had seen that often. We were also for the free market system and if the communists took over, that would also have disappeared. So although the National Party never said I am allowing you to bomb Khotso House, and to destroy the building, it falls within the framework of the National Party's principles and policy in respect of these two elements which I mentioned, religious freedom and the free market principle. If we hadn't acted in the way in which we did, my belief was that it would lead to all of those things which we believed in, our principles and our policies, that that would be destroyed in South Africa. MR DANE And so then it was government policy to use all violence and any means at your disposal to withstand the so-called onslaught? MR VLOK That is not what it says there, no. MR DANE Oh. MR VLOK Where are you reading that? MR DANE What does paragraph 30 say? MR VLOK The government's policy in respect of the revolutionary onslaught, was to resist this onslaught with all violence and methods to its disposal. MR DANE What does that mean? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE Is that what I have just said to you? MR VLOK That is correct, yes, I stand by that. MR DANE So it was government policy to use violence to oppose those who tried to overthrow you? MR VLOK It was government policy to resist those who wanted to overthrow this government, and to act against those people. MR DANE So in effect, it was the end justifies the means? MR VLOK No. No. MR DANE In - are you saying that the end didn't justify the means, is that what you are saying? MR VLOK What do you mean by the end justifies the means? MR DANE In other words, in order to withstand the onslaught, you could basically use any, it was government policy to use any form of violence to withstand that onslaught? Is that correct because that is what I read there, is that correct? MR VLOK But Chairperson, I am not following exactly what you mean here to resist this onslaught. The onslaught was multi-dimensional and it took place in many areas in which no violence took place, where we used other methods, but where violence was committed by the revolutionary forces, there we acted as it says there. MR DANE Because the point, the reason that I question you on that is I come back to the point that I asked earlier about the Security Police, was it not policy of the Security Police to as it were, use violence against people who were opposed to it and when I say violence, I mean unlawful violence, to eliminate them, to destroy their property? MR VLOK It was not a policy, but it could perhaps have taken place within the framework as I explained to you. It was a multi-dimensional onslaught, directed at many different areas. Ordinary legal conduct was used, but there was also this other violent element from out opposing side and that was answered with violence. MR DANE And that is the type of violence we are speaking about, that I am particularly related to, the unlawful violence. That was policy? MR VLOK It wasn't policy, but that is why we are here today. MR DANE I accept that. MR VLOK That is why we are applying for amnesty. MR DANE It was policy though, that is the point I am stressing? Isn't that correct? MR VLOK Violence in answer to violence. MR DANE And it was policy to damage and attack the property of people you perceived to be part of the opposition and to kill and eliminate people if you think you could get away with it, correct? MR VLOK No. My learned friend has now made a sweeping statement for instance damage to property. Nowhere, at no stage was that the policy of the party in the sense that we approved such a thing. If it took place within the context which I have just sketched to you, that was a different thing. That is why I believe it was within the context of the structures and the principles of the National Party. MR DANE I think with respect to you Mr Vlok, it is just a question of semantics. You made mention of the fact when you were questioned by my legal friend on behalf of COSATU, that he asked you about Jay Naidoo, there was a threat against Jay Naidoo and you said if there had been a threat against Jay Naidoo, you would have stopped it because you didn't want important people to be intimidated. I might have misunderstood you. MR VLOK I didn't say I would stop the threat, I said that if there was such a threat and I became aware of it, then I would have asked the Police to investigate the matter and to discuss the matter with Mr Naidoo to find out how we could assist him. To find out whether he was afraid, etc. MR DANE I would like to now deal with another aspect. This is the question of the SACC and the churches. ADV DE JAGER You are actually appearing on behalf of the churches here? ADV DE JAGER That is actually, you are appearing on behalf of the churches here? MR DANE The SACC. ADV DE JAGER So you are now going over to the aspect where you appear for your client? MR DANE That is correct. As I understand and I read your affidavits, you are not contending that the South African Council of Churches, supported the ideology of Marxism and communism? MR VLOK No Chairperson, not the South African Council of Churches, but individuals. MR DANE But I am speaking of the South African Council of Churches - you are not contending that, you accept that they did not support the ideology of communism and Marxism? MR VLOK I said if I look at the member churches of the SACC, for instance the Methodist church, the Church of the Province, the Anglican church etc, they were not supporters of that ideology. MR DANE In regard to the question of the churches, I take it in broad principle, you accept that and the reason I am asking this question is because of certain aspects of the affidavit, but you accept that persons can share a common goal without necessarily being supporters of each other, and perhaps if I can elucidate that best by way of example - let's take the recent Nelson Mandela, before he was released, that was a principle supported by many people, correct? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE Supported by the ANC? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE But that doesn't mean that because I support that principle, that I necessarily support the ANC? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE And likewise that can apply to at that point of time, the dismantling of apartheid? You can support the dismantling of apartheid, without necessarily supporting the ANC, correct? MR VLOK Correct. There were many people in the country who were opposed to apartheid, I can think of political parties such as the Progressive Federal Party who were in Parliament, Ms Helen Suzman who was a vocal opponent of apartheid. MR DANE To amplify and to extend that, you could in terms of let's say a protest meeting at the time, you could get people from COSATU and people from the South African Communist Party, people from the Progressive Party, all in one protest meeting, isn't that correct, supporting a particular principle but without necessarily being a member of the Communist Party or a member of COSATU, isn't that so? MR VLOK I must point out that at that stage there was an Act which prohibited illegal gatherings, but if it was an ordinary political opposition, they were allowed to gather and they were allowed to talk. MR DANE Yes, for example let's take the example of funerals. You get people at funerals in those days of activists, people from the South African Communist Party would attend the funeral, people from COSATU, people from the Progressive Federal Party, different people attending a funeral of an activist, isn't that so? MR VLOK Yes, if it did not lead to violence, but that was usually our problem, that it did lead to violence. In principle they could attend the funeral. MR DANE Yes. Because members of the Communist Party attended that funeral, it doesn't make other people who attended the funeral, necessarily communists, unless they specifically supported the Communist Party, correct? MR VLOK The Communist Party was an illegal party. MR DANE I understand that, I am talking about the question of support. I am trying to elucidate and distinguish what it means when you get different people at one gathering, because they are all at a gathering for a particular purpose, it doesn't mean that they support necessarily the other people at that gathering, or parties? MR VLOK Communism, yes, correct. MR DANE Now, you are not suggesting in amplification of that, that the South African Council of Churches supported the African National Congress in your affidavit, or are you? I am speaking about, and I want you to think of this carefully, I am saying support the African National Congress as opposed to supporting the getting rid of apartheid and the replacing of it with a democratic system? MR VLOK Chairperson, I tried to indicate that, perhaps I didn't do it properly. Perhaps I didn't make it clear enough. My perception was that the SACP and the ANC were one, they were an alliance. The ANC was dominated, 25 of its 30 members in the Executive Council were also according to our information, members of the South African Communist Party. That created a grave problem for us. The South African Council of Churches, once again I don't know whether the church itself, I was not aware that any of its member churches ever said that they supported the SACP/ANC alliance, but spokesmen for these churches, I don't know if they were representatives, but they were spokespeople, repeatedly said we support the ANC/SACP alliance. That is the evidence which I had. MR DANE Mr Vlok, I am speaking about the South African Council of Churches, forgetting about individual members who may have belonged to any church. I am speaking about the South African Council of Churches. You are not suggesting that the South African Council of Churches supported the African National Congress/Communist alliance? MR VLOK Judging by what the spokesmen of these churches said, these member churches of the SACC, then my concern was very definitely that they supported it. But the Methodist church did not take a decision that they were supporting the SACP or the ANC. That I never knew or was aware of. MR DANE And did you ever see, because you have used it, did you ever see a decision taken by the South African Council of Churches to support the African National Congress/Communist alliance? MR VLOK No. MR DANE Thank you. ADV DE JAGER So, just to clear it. On behalf of your client, you put it to him that the SACC never supported the ANC/CP alliance? MR DANE That is so. ADV DE JAGER Never supported the ANC/CP alliance? MR DANE Never issued any statement indicating that they supported the ANC/SACP alliance. ADV DE JAGER Apart from statements, did they support them or did they not support them, what is your instructions? MR DANE My instructions are they did not support the ANC/SACP alliance and in fact, in 1986 are you aware that Dr Manus Buthelezi, do you remember Dr Manus Buthelezi? MR VLOK Yes, I do. MR DANE Actually said that they must be careful about being seen to support any particular party. Can I read it to you, and I read from a book which you have referred to - I beg your pardon Mr Chairman - I am reading from Kaye Burman's book, the annual survey of the Institute of Race Relations, I think you actually referred to it in your affidavit at some stage Mr Vlok. If I can refer to the 1986 edition and I can read it to you. It deals with the South African Council of Churches, the Annual General Conference of the SACC was held in Bosmont, Johannesburg during June. The President of the organisation, Bishop Manus Buthelezi said in an opening address that the church in South Africa could not afford to be partisan endorsing particular parties or groups. Christ had founded only one church on earth in which different ideologies and philosophies could come together. There was room enough for all viewpoints to interact. The church must be there for all and provide unity for all. MR VLOK I can't comment on that, because it has been read from a decision which they took, but I want to make the point flowing from this whole topic. I never saw any decision, resolution that the SACC supported the violence of the ANC/SACP alliance, but that they in fact gave support to the ANC/SACP alliance in all these areas in which the alliance was active, we have no doubt about that. MR DANE You said you had never seen such a decision, did you ever hear that the SACC took a decision to support the African National Congress/South African Communist Party alliance? MR VLOK Not the violence. But that which the ANC/SACP stood for namely to change the government in a democratic way, that they supported and they made no secret of it. MR DANE Was that wrong or unlawful? MR VLOK It depends on the methods the used. MR DANE Answer my question, was that wrong or unlawful? MR VLOK That would depend on the way in which they did it. If they did it by means of intimidation and illegal methods, then it would be wrong. Then we had to act against that. But if they did it in the way in which the PFP did it politically, then there would not be a problem and then we would not have acted against them. MR DANE You have just said that if they acted unlawfully, you would have acted against them. Did I understand you correctly? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE So if they had acted unlawfully against the law of the land, you would have acted against the SACC? MR VLOK Can I say Chairperson, we for instance looked at the funds which they got from abroad, whether that did not contravene the Fund-raising Act and we were very careful and we scrutinised certain members of the SACC and very carefully looked whether we could succeed in any case against them. MR DANE Did you say that if they acted unlawfully, you would have acted against them? MR VLOK Yes, if we could prove it, yes. MR DANE So we can assume that they never acted unlawfully and you never had proof of that? MR VLOK We couldn't prove it, but I want to reiterate this point, I can't say that the member churches of the SACC such as the Methodist church, the Anglican church and the Church of the Province, etc and all those churches, that they acted unlawfully and illegally. That I can't say, we never had evidence about that. MR DANE Let me understand this then. What you are saying is the Church of the Province of South Africa never did anything, anything that smacked of unlawfulness? MR VLOK As far as I knew, yes. MR DANE The Methodist church, they also didn't do anything? MR VLOK Not as far as I know. MR DANE And if anybody as I understand it, should know, you should know if they did anything? MR VLOK No, Mr Chairman, no. MR DANE No, listen to me please. I beg your pardon, maybe I didn't put that correctly, in terms of the information that you were getting, you never received any information whatsoever that they Church of the Province of South Africa or the Methodist church was doing anything wrong or unlawful? MR VLOK That is correct. CHAIRPERSON And I think you said the Lutheran church, didn't you? MR VLOK Yes, all of them. MR DANE Lutheran church, same thing? MR VLOK Same thing. MR DANE And Catholic church? MR VLOK Correct, also the Catholic church. MR DANE Also nothing. MR VLOK Can I give you one example which we had, where we had a problem, I must be completely honest with you. The activities of the SACC relating to the boycotting of municipal elections, in August of 1988 they issued a document, a pamphlet Crisis News - Don't Vote says church leaders. Here they say we are committing an offence in terms of the Emergency Regulations by issuing this statement. We looked at this and we said that we could not act against these people for this particular instance and just left the matter there. MR DANE Sorry, I beg your pardon, I think I missed that. You said you looked at that and you decided you couldn't act against them? MR VLOK It was handed over to the Police, they investigated the matter and my suspicion is that they handed it to the Attorney General, who decided not to prosecute. MR DANE So in fact, it was put before the Attorney General with a view to prosecution? MR VLOK I don't know. But there was an offence and the normal course of events, it would have been investigated by the Police, this matter was sensitive and that is probably why it went to the Attorney General. I had not problem with that. MR DANE Was that the only thing, only unlawful act which was sent to the Attorney General for possible prosecution committed by the SACC? MR VLOK I wouldn't know? MR DANE You don't know? You say that is the South African Council of Churches newsletter? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE Can I have a look at that please if I may? MR VLOK Yes, certainly. MR DANE Other - you have mentioned the Lutheran church, the Church of the Province of South Africa, the Methodist church, the Catholic church, they did nothing wrong. What churches did something wrong? MR VLOK I once again would like to reiterate that we were very sensitive in our conduct towards churches and people of the church, so I want to return to the point that I made that within some of these churches were individuals who had committed offences and done illegal things, and regarding them, we considered our options for action and tried to decide whether or not we should do this. MR DANE So in fact, what you are actually saying is that individual church men did something wrong, but the organisation for example the South African Council of Churches, didn't do anything wrong, but individual members of the churches may have done something wrong? MR VLOK We never had any evidence that any of the churches that I had mentioned, broke the law. MR DANE If you will bear with me a moment Mr Chairman. And these "innocent churches", for want of a - let me just use that phrase - were they members of the South African Council of Churches at the time, at 1988? MR VLOK I accept it as that, yes. I don't know which churches you have in mind when you ask this question. MR DANE No, I am just saying the Lutheran church, the Church of the Province of South Africa and the Methodist church, at that time, 1988, were they members? MR VLOK As far as I can remember yes. CHAIRPERSON Leaving out the Catholic church deliberately? MR DANE Well, I don't think, perhaps I should ask Mr Vlok this. And the Catholic church? MR VLOK The Catholic church was a member of the SACC and I would like to include them in that group, which did not disobey the law. MR DANE Well, for one, I don't think much turns on it, but apparently they weren't. MR VLOK Were they not a member? MR DANE No, not of the South African Council of Churches. MR VLOK Whatever the case, we never had any evidence that they had disobeyed the law. Such as the Reformed church as well and the Doppers, we never had any evidence that they had disobeyed the law. But let me once again say that it was individuals who did not observe the law at all times. MR DANE I would have thought that at the time you would have known that the Catholic church was a member there, South African Council of Churches being involved with that operation to be carried out against the churches involving the bombing of the building. I would have thought ... MR VISSER I am sorry Mr Chairman, that has never been the evidence before you. There has never been evidence that they acted anyone acted against any organisation, the evidence was that the building was made unusable. CHAIRPERSON Belonging to an organisation, if somebody destroyed my house, I would think they were acting against me. MR VISSER But many organisations, we know that many organisations occupied that building Mr Chairman. Not one of them has come to you to oppose the application, except the South African Council of Churches. CHAIRPERSON I understood they owned the building, is that correct? MR VISSER I don't know whether those are the facts. We didn't give that evidence, I don't know if that is the evidence, well then that may place a different complexion on the matter. But may I just finish my submission Mr Chairman. The case here before you is quite clear. There was acted against a building, not against any organisation but as to what was happening in the building. All the witnesses had said so far, they are not blaming any particular organisation, there was the UDF, there was the South African Parents Support Committee, there were a number of other, also there were church organisations there. It wasn't the intention to act against them. ADV DE JAGER Clearly Mr Visser, a building standing there, can't do something on its own. It is being destroyed because it was occupied by certain persons or certain bodies, and it was done in order to disadvantage those bodies, to propagate or whatever they have been doing, or to preach or whatever they have been doing. So it was the Council of Churches that was put to a disadvantage. In the case of COSATU, it was COSATU the organisation who was put in the disadvantage, and that was the intention. It wasn't the intention only to blow up the building, the intention was to act against those bodies. The bodies in the case of COSATU who they wanted to act against, was the Council of Churches because they have allowed people according to the evidence to come in, and to use the building. MR VISSER Mr Chairman, with respect, the evidence was that there were a number of organisations that occupied that. It was never as we understood or presented the evidence, intended to say that this was against the South African - this was an action taken against the South African Council of Churches. The action was taken to prohibit actions that were taken and matters which originated from that building, which caused unrest in the rest of Johannesburg and elsewhere, to stop that. That was the intention Mr Chairman. The intention was to act - I thought Mr Vlok was quite clear in his evidence. ADV DE JAGER And there was a press for instance that had been destroyed. Or was it in COSATU House where the press was destroyed? MR RADITAPOLE COSATU. ADV DE JAGER I am almost as confused as the legal advisors, I don't know who is COSATU and who is Khotso. CHAIRPERSON We had evidence that money was brought into the country by the South African Councils, not other occupiers of the building. That they paid that money out to MK cadres, that that was what they wanted to stop them doing, so they bombed their building. MR VISSER That is quite correct Mr Chairman, inter alia. CHAIRPERSON The South African Council of Churches as a body who received the money, do you remember the evidence? MR VISSER That is correct Mr Chairman, but the only point I am making is that there were a number of organisations occupying that building and the intention of the Police and the ex-Minister was to put a stop to activities which originated from that building, and it was not confined only to the South African Council of Churches. Mr Chairman, a lot can be said for example about the role of the UDF, which they played particularly in that year. If the impression was conveyed Mr Chairman, that it was an action directly solely at the South African Council of Churches, it certainly isn't the perspective which I had in this matter. MR VLOK Chairperson, to give some assistance, I tried to make the point that we didn't have any evidence against the church, but we did have evidence regarding certain members of the church. With your indulgence I would like to give you an example. I am hoping this would be in order. During May of this year, in this venue an amnesty hearing took place for Mr Abubaker Ismail also known as Rashied and others. I don't know whether it was you Chairperson who was here, but the applicant was Colin Mark de Souza. He submitted an affidavit here, it was submitted and is made available as part of the documentation of the Truth Commission. He referred to a person by the name of Charles Jacobus Martin who also made an affidavit. He was a representative of the church and he said I do know the applicant Mr De Souza. The context of my association with him in the past is the following: During the mid 1980's I served as a Priest in the United Congregational church in Bonteheuwel. I sympathised with the political struggle waged by the UDF/ANC and worked very closely with community and political organisations in Bonteheuwel. During this period the Emergency Regulations were enforced and many young people were detained without trial and suffered severe repression at the hands of the Security Police. At a General Synod meeting of the United Congregational church of Southern Africa, a resolution was passed urging ministers to assist refugees and victims of repression by inter alia providing sanctuary or safe houses. I have assisted many comrades in finding safe houses and I cannot recall the specifics of each and every incident. I can confidentially say that I never approached people and proposed to them that they should leave a certain area. Nor did I encourage people to undergo military training with the ANC. I was always approached by someone needing sanctuary or someone on their behalf, who initiated such a move. I was aware that the Police were looking for Mr De Souza. I cannot recall whether he himself or someone on his behalf, requested that I provide a safe house to him. In 1987 I contacted the Organising Secretary of the Western Province Council of Churches with the request to assist in providing sanctuary to Mr De Souza and two others. The Organising Secretary provided us with money to enable them to go to the SACC in Johannesburg. I was also provided with the details of a contact person in Johannesburg, which I in turn provided to Mr De Souza. I then had no further dealings with him. I cannot recall the name of the contact person. Now Mr De Souza says in his amnesty application, he is applying for amnesty for amongst others the Wits Command bomb blast, July 1987, and everything else that occurred as a result of that, and he says towards the end of May 1987, I together with my brother Timothy and John de Vos and Andre Robberts, alias Styles, were approached by Mr Charlie Martin also known as Reverent, who was to ourselves a known MK operative, to undergo military training at the ANC. Arrangements were made for ourselves to travel to Johannesburg where we were to stay with my cousin, Raymond Fernandes and to await instructions from Mr Martin. It was during the end of May 1987 that we arrived in Johannesburg, although I cannot recall the precise date. Upon arriving in Johannesburg, I contacted Charlie Martin by telephone, who instructed me to make contact with Mr Ike Mogetsi at Khotso House who would be taking the matter further. At this time Mr Andre Robberts, alias Styles advised that he did not want to be part of our activities and arrangements were made for his return to Cape Town. After contacting Mr Mogetsi, arrangements were made for me, my brother Timothy and Mr John de Vos, to be put in a safe house at Wilgerspruit. After three days at the safe house, we were moved back to my cousin's flat in Hillbrow. It was at this time, that Mr Mogetsi gave me the first instruction regarding Wits Command and his instructions were to conduct surveillance and to make notes of the placements of guards, the time at which guard changes occurred as well as to make observation regarding perimeter fence to see if there were places where a package could be concealed. I undertook this surveillance work towards the end of May and reported by observations to Mr Mogetsi at Khotso House. During this period, I together with my brother, and John de Vos, received a subsistence allowance of R250-00 per fortnight from the Paymaster at Khotso House, a person known as Rose. Towards the middle of June 1987, I was again tasked by Mr Ike Mogetsi to together with my brother Timothy and John de Vos, to attend a night vigil in Soweto, where we would be put in touch with other persons who would be making arrangements for our exit from the Republic of South Africa to undergo military training. After having arrived at the vigil, two persons unknown to myself, approached me and told me that they had been sent by Mr Ike Mogetsi to fetch me. I was taken by these two persons to another venue in Soweto, where I again met with Mr Mogetsi. Mr Mogetsi handed me a large packet wrapped in brown paper, containing a South African Defence Force uniform and boots and instructed me to attend Wits Command and to gain entry to the premises for the purposes of obtaining information in respect of the interior layout. The night vigil that we had attended, was on a weekend and on the following Monday, I duly attended the premises of Wits Command, dressed in a South African Defence Force uniform. I was carrying at the time, my civilian clothes in a togbag. I presented myself to the two guards on gate duty at Wits Command as a National Serviceman requiring information from the Personnel Department and under that false pretence, I managed to gain entry into the building. I spent approximately 20 minutes inside Wits Command, making observations of the office layout, entrance and exit points as well as to observe the vehicle entrance, situated at the back of Wits Command, to establish what gate control measures were implemented regarding the access of vehicles. I could not gain entry to the first floor of Wits Command as I was scared of being found out and then I left the building. I proceeded to a public toilet near Joubert Park, where I changed out of the SADF uniform given to me, into my civilian clothes, whereafter I proceeded directly to the office of Khotso House and again met with Mr Mogetsi. Mr Chairperson, I am simply trying to say that I don't think that the churches per se were involved in these activities. I don't believe it, I have said so in my documentation. I believe that there were certain people who were abusing the opportunities and the building and other such things. CHAIRPERSON You say in your application Mr Vlok, at page 35, you say after your second meeting with the State President, Mr P.W. Botha, after we had discussed and considered all the information, we were more convinced than ever that the South African Council of Churches and its facilities, under which Khotso House were being abused by ANC insurgents and activists. So what you were aiming at was the South African Council of Churches and its facilities including Khotso House, that is so, isn't it? That is what you say here. MR VLOK Chairperson, the word which I would like to emphasise is that they were abused. They were misused by activists and other people and that is what I am trying to communicate here CHAIRPERSON But it was Khotso House, the property of the South African Council of Churches? MR VLOK Yes. I agree with you. CHAIRPERSON Do you agree that it is the property of the South African Council of Churches that was being attacked? MR VLOK And Chairperson they were placed at a disadvantage, I agree with you. But I have submitted this evidence in order to support what I was saying about certain people. MR DANE And as I understand you Mr Vlok, the bottom line is it wasn't the South African Council of Churches that was doing anything wrong, as far as you were concerned, it was certain individuals. Isn't that so? MR VLOK Chairperson, I have tried to explain to you that it was individuals who were responsible. I stand by that. MR DANE Yes, it wasn't done by the South African Council of Churches as an economical organisation, it was done by certain individuals in your mind, correct? I am correct, aren't I, that is what you have just said? MR VLOK Yes. MR SIBANYONI Mr Chairperson, may I just ask one question. Mr Vlok, the crux of the statement by Rev Martin, would you agree that it was to come and negate or to contradict what De Souza says in so far as him, Rev Martin, is supposed to be involved in recruiting him for the ANC and sending him to the SACC? He came here even asked for an opportunity to say something before the Committee was to deny involvement? MR VLOK I have no argument with Rev Martin when he says that he did not partake in recruitment. But he cannot deny that he assisted Mr De Souza, he offered him shelter, he gave him money to travel to Johannesburg. MR DANE Mr Vlok, you did make mention of the affidavit by I think it was De Souza that you read out now. MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE I just want to put one thing clear. Was it a statement or, well, as it please you Mr Chairman, the only thing that I want to get absolutely clear, he makes mention of the fact that he sympathised with the ANC/UDF struggle. There was nothing wrong with sympathising with the ANC/UDF struggle at the time, was there? MR VLOK People could have sympathised with whoever they wanted to as long as they did not disobey the law. MR DANE Yes, I just want to make sure about that. To sympathise with the ANC struggle at the time, was not wrong? Correct, that is all I wanted to make sure. MR VLOK As long as they did not disobey the law. ADV DE JAGER Mr Mogetsi to whom you have referred, to which body did he belong? MR VLOK I can read it to you once again. He says - oh, Mogetsi, I beg your pardon, I don't know at all. We only have the name and the affidavit. Mogetsi was somebody who was in Khotso House and arranged certain matters, a Paymaster by the name of Rose. I also don't know who the person by the name of Rose is. MR DANE Mr Vlok, I just want to deal with the aspect of meetings with the South African Council of Churches. As I understand your evidence, you were present on two occasions when they were meetings, is that correct, with the South African Council of Churches and P.W. Botha? MR VLOK I can remember one. MR DANE You can remember one? MR VLOK One rather clearly, yes. MR DANE Was that the one at which Bishop Hurley was present? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE I don't have the reference off hand in your affidavit, but you in fact refer to that particular meeting in one of the affidavits, is that correct? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. I think that would be on page 31 of the affidavit. MR DANE Yes, that is correct. Thank you Mr Vlok. You say at page 31 of Volume 1, right at the bottom, at such an occasion Mr Botha for example would indicate to the church leaders that the South African Council of Churches' magazine, New Nation, referred to Marxist communist systems of Mozambique. Do you see that? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE Is that the meeting that you referred to? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE That is the one that you can recall? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE You cannot recall any other meetings or what was said at such other meetings? MR VLOK No. MR DANE Then let's ignore the fact that at some stage you referred to two occasions that you were present, if you were present at the one occasion, you can't remember what happened, all that you can remember is this particular one? MR VLOK I remember this particular occasion. MR DANE Now, who were present at that meeting? MR VLOK At that point I was still a Deputy Minister. MR DANE So that would have been before January 1986? MR VLOK That is correct. The State President on our side was there, Gen Malan, who was the Minister of Defence, Pik Botha was there, Kobie Coetzee was present as well as the Minister of Law and Order who was Louis le Grange. MR DANE Who was present from the churches? MR VLOK I really can't remember that. I think Mr Thulare or someone asked me that question previously, but I really can't remember who was present. Various people were present and it was quite a representative group of attendance. Someone was present who was a member of the Bishop's Council of South Africa. We referred to New Nation and he reacted to that. MR DANE According to the affidavit, it was mentioned to the church men who were there that the New Nation referred with approval to the system of Marxism/communism applicable in Mozambique, is that correct? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. MR DANE Can you remember what else was discussed other than this mentioned in your affidavit? MR VLOK Chairperson, the entire situation in the country was discussed. The representatives of the South African Council of Churches told Mr Botha what their concerns were regarding apartheid and the state of emergency and the detention of people, they spoke for quite some time and put it as such to Mr Botha that his government would have to do something about it. MR DANE So they articulated the normal concerns of many people at the time? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And so the only thing we need apply ourselves with is with what is at page 32 of that Exhibit and that is the reference to the New Nation. What was the New Nation? MR VLOK The New Nation was a publication of the South African Bishop's Council if I remember correctly. MR DANE So in fact when you say at page 32 that it was the publication of the South African Council of Churches, that is in fact factually incorrect? MR VLOK That may be like that. MR DANE Yes, well so then, because it in fact is not the publication of the ... MR VLOK I will accept that. You must remember these things happened 12 years ago. MR DANE I don't think in the light of what you have just said and conceded, that much turns on it, but from the SACC's point of view, they don't have any recollection of this meeting having taken place. If it took place it was with Bishop Hurley, that is as I understand it, but as I said not much turns on it. CHAIRPERSON Well, one bit that hasn't been put to you yet Mr Vlok is that according to this affidavit, you said that the article spoke of the approval of the Marxist/communist system of Mozambique and elsewhere and it was trying to introduce it to South Africa? MR VLOK If I remember correctly, and I say once more that this took place quite a number of years ago, after the South African Council of Churches held a discussion with Mr Botha, and it was a very amiable discussion, and they put their case and stated what they wanted for change in this country, Mr Botha told them that he would explain what the government was busy accomplishing. At that point he was busy reforming apartheid. It was not sufficient, but he was busy doing that. The country was burning down, he said to them. And he asked for their assistance. He said I have a problem with the New Nation which appears on street level, that was his impression and it was also my impression, that it propagated communism for South Africa. He asked them to help him with this and their reaction was hold on a minute, apartheid is even worse than that which is going on in Mozambique. That is how I remember this. CHAIRPERSON So there was no suggestion made that they were introducing communism or sought to introduce communism, he was asking their help to stop other people doing it? MR VLOK That is correct. If I have put it incorrectly here, then I apologise but that is what happened. MR DANE If I may turn now to the actual decision to bomb Khotso House. Now, as I understand your affidavit and that begins at page 33 of your first affidavit, you refer to a meeting of the State Security Council in June 1988. Now, Mr Vlok, you apparently, can you just explain if you would, how it came about that this was raised, this bombing of Khotso House, or the damage? MR VLOK Mr Chairperson, may I just point out to Adv Dane that there was a submission, there was the normal submission made, information given to us about the situation in the country and what was happening. Afterwards Mr Botha asked me to stay behind to talk to him. MR DANE When that happened, that he asked you to remain behind, was it just the two of you present? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE Before that day, had you ever discussed in the State Security Council or in any Committee thereof, sub-Committee, the perpetration of illegal acts by the South African government? MR VLOK No, but I must just add this proviso, we approved of STRATCOM which could ultimately lead to illegal actions, but we never had any discussions about illegal actions. MR DANE Was it never - when COSATU House was bombed the year before in 1987, it was a massive bomb? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE I mean it destroyed the fairly substantial building in down town Johannesburg? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE The Security Council was very much alive to the security situation in South Africa, wasn't it ever debated at the State Security Council, who did this, who has the wherewithal to bomb a building this size in down town Johannesburg and the cheek to do it? Wasn't that discussed? MR VLOK No, it was never discussed. MR DANE You see, weren't you even surprised, but you couldn't have been because you were part of it, what about Mr Botha, wasn't he surprised? MR VLOK I don't know. MR DANE Did he not speak to you about it? MR VLOK No. MR DANE Was it not raised by the other persons in the State Security Council? MR VLOK No. MR DANE You mean, was no one National Intelligence, were they at the meetings? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE Military Intelligence? Military headed by the Head of the Army of Defence Force? MR VLOK Not Military Intelligence, they were not present but the Head of the Defence Force was there. MR DANE You know Mr Vlok, was it not considered that this might be some other splinter group which was potentially very dangerous for the country because they displayed this expertise to be able to bomb the building? Was that not raised by National Intelligence for example? MR VLOK No, it wasn't asked but I must point out to Adv Dane that the ANC did have the capacity to do things like that. MR DANE To bomb their own ally's building? MR VLOK No, no, but to cause such a major explosion. MR DANE Do bomb their own ally's building? CHAIRPERSON If you thought it might have been the ANC who bombed the building in the middle of Johannesburg like that, surely the State Security Council would have insisted that the Police take every step, every possible step to find out who had done it and where they had got the explosives from and how they got them into Johannesburg? MR VLOK I can only tell you what had actually happened. I did not report to them, and they did not instruct me. If they had asked me ... CHAIRPERSON So nobody asked a thing about a major bomb explosion in the biggest city in the country, is that what you are asking us to accept Mr Vlok? MR VLOK Mr Chairman, maybe they knew. CHAIRPERSON They may have known? MR DANE Mr Vlok, they knew? MR VLOK I can't answer that, but I am saying it and I think you are saying it. Apropos of the fact that there was information, you must remember we were in the middle of an election campaign, Parliament was in recess and you must remember it was the 6th of May and I think we probably only met again in July, it was the July holidays. But the information as to what was going on in the country, that was available in all the Intelligence fraternities. It was conveyed to everybody who needed to know about it. I can only tell you what I knew. ADV DE JAGER Is the only reason or one of the few reasons that could have existed as to why this question was never raised, the fact that even if they hadn't known, they all suspected that it was the Security Forces? MR VLOK Yes, that is so. ADV DE JAGER Because nobody in South Africa at that stage thought that it was the ANC who had planted the bomb? In other words the suspicion was that this was an action by the State? MR VLOK I think you are correct. ADV DE JAGER I think Mr Dane also thought so. MR DANE No comment. Mr Vlok and I don't want to dwell on this point much longer, but I can recall in those days that if an explosion went off, it was very important to determine whether the explosives at the time were commercial explosives, explosives of foreign origin, that was very important to determine in those acts of sabotage. No one even bothered to find out at that State Security Council? MR VLOK That was not in my field. I didn't try and find out what was used. I knew that the Police were investigating and the section responsible for that, would ascertain what type of explosion were used. MR DANE Mr Vlok, it was more than an assumption, they all knew? Everybody in that State Security Council knew. MR VLOK I can't say that they knew. MR DANE They knew and that is why - let me ask you this, if they had said to you, if the State Security Council had said to you, Mr Vlok, what is the problem, what is going on? What would you have said, would you have told them the truth or would you have lied to the State Security Council? MR VLOK I would have told them the truth. MR DANE You would have said it was us? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE And that is why they never asked you, because they knew it was you? MR VLOK I said maybe, I am not sure. You must ask them that, I didn't tell anybody. MR DANE Mr Vlok, we weren't born yesterday. MR VLOK Yes, but neither am I, so you will just have to take my word on this. MR DANE All right, let's leave that and move on to the meeting with Mr Botha in June 1988. He called you aside? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE And he said to you what? MR VLOK I deal with it here in my amnesty application. MR DANE Read it if you wish. MR VLOK In the light of the information which we received, Mr Botha wanted to know from me what the South African Police were planning to do in respect of these activities which could result in loss of life. His request was that something should be done. He pointed out to me that there was a dispute between the government and the South African Council of Churches and he also asked me to look at the report of the Eloff Commission of Enquiry into the activities of the Council and he asked me to report back to him within a week. MR DANE And when you reported back, what did he say? MR VLOK I studied all the Intelligence and information very carefully, that took place before the end of June. After we discussed and considered all the information, we were convinced more than ever before, that the SACC and its facilities including Khotso House, were being used by infiltrators and activists. MR DANE Can I ask you this Mr Vlok, when did he for the first time suggest an illegal way of getting rid of Khotso House? MR VLOK No, he never suggested that. MR DANE Oh. MR VLOK You are putting the words in my mouth, he never suggested it. MR DANE At no stage? MR VLOK No. MR DANE So he never said make sure no one gets injured? MR VLOK He said that. MR DANE Oh, how do you say that? CHAIRPERSON Why would he say that? MR VLOK Mr Botha at no stage said to me that we should act illegally to render the building inoperative. I can only tell you what he told me. I thought it was something else, but I must tell you what he told me. MR DANE Did you not understand him to mean that you must use illegal activities to render the building useless? MR VLOK Chairperson, when I left Mr Botha, I thought that he had told me two things. He said that we should render the building useless and that nobody should get hurt. Those are the two things which he said and I then went and I thought about what he had meant, and it could only mean one thing. When I spoke to Gen Van der Merwe, it could only mean one thing namely that we have to act illegally. MR DANE When did you come to the conclusion that it could only have meant that you must damage the building? When did you come to that conclusion? MR VLOK When I considered the matter and I thought carefully about the situation. MR DANE You didn't think that when he told you render the building useless and make sure that nobody get injured? MR VLOK Mr Chairperson, I must be honest, I really though what are we going to do now. He wants us to render the building useless, but I can't do that using lawful means. I thought about it, but we didn't discuss it. ADV DE JAGER Mr Vlok, why couldn't you have cordoned off the building and not allow anybody any access to the building, then it would also be useless? MR VLOK Well, I discussed with Gen Van der Merwe and we came to the conclusion that that would not be feasible. ADV DE JAGER It would have been a method to render the building inoperable? MR VLOK Yes, that would have been a legal method. ADV DE JAGER Whether you thought it was feasible or not, it would have been another, an alternative, method to make the building unusable. MR VLOK That is correct. ADV DE JAGER And if you had to keep people away from the building who wanted to enter the building, how would you have kept them out? Say the leader of the SACC came to the building and wanted to enter, what would you have done? MR VLOK If Commissioner De Jager is thinking of the evening of the operation ... ADV DE JAGER No, I am talking about if you should throw a cordon around the building, and people arrive there, employees for instance, and they say that we want to go into the building, and you tell them, no you can't. MR VLOK No, that would not have been feasible. That would not have been feasible, we came to the conclusion that they would obtain a court interdict to chase us away, so we couldn't do that. ADV DE JAGER All right, so there could have been an interdict. Would you have used violence to keep them away there, if it was necessary, if you wanted to bar access? MR VLOK We could have kept them out using violence, but that would have caused us to incur all kinds of claims because the building belonged to the SACC and if we had no reason to keep them away, then we could have faced litigation. ADV DE JAGER All I am saying is that in theory if not in practice, in theory it was possible to put a cordon around the building? MR VLOK Yes. ADV DE JAGER And in theory it was possible to bar access to the building? MR VLOK Correct. ADV DE JAGER And in theory it was also possible to say to somebody if you enter this building, I will shoot you? MR VLOK Correct. ADV DE JAGER So in theory it was possible, but you thought it wasn't practically feasible and you decided to do it in a different way? MR VLOK Correct. MR SIBANYONI Did you ever think that the previous President intended you to cordon off the building? MR VLOK Chairperson, if you think back I would now have to consider, did he have that in mind? It is possible that he did have that in mind, yes. MR SIBANYONI But you personally, did you ever have that perception that he intends you to cordon off the building, or if the intention was to cordon off the building, the question of people getting injured or killed, should it have come into - become an issue? MR VLOK Whilst we were talking there, I heard the instruction or the two instructions. I thought to myself how am I going to achieve this, how am I going to carry out these instructions. Then I went and thought about it and some time after that, I spoke to Gen Van der Merwe. That is when we said can we do something to actually carry out this instruction? So theoretically all these other things were possible, but I can only tell you what Mr Botha discussed with me and that is what Mr Botha told me, those two things. That is all that I can report to you. I don't know what he had in mind. MR SIBANYONI Should we understand that the instruction to bomb Khotso House, came from you, it didn't come from P.W. Botha? MR VLOK Mr Botha said render the building unusable and I then went and I applied my mind to the facts, and I decided that Khotso House in these circumstances should be rendered unusable by means of explosives. MR SIBANYONI Finally, a reasonable person will also come to that conclusion, a reasonable person would also come to that conclusion? MR VLOK The Commissioner is a reasonable person, I would leave it in his hands to make that decision himself. ADV GCABASHE Could I ask Mr Vlok, I will go first, thanks Chris, did it occur to you at all to go back to Mr Botha and say there isn't a legal way of complying with your request, maybe it is not such a good idea at all? MR VLOK No, I did not think of that. ADV GCABASHE Didn't you think it was rather important to get the specific instruction on an illegal act from the person who had initially raised the issue with you? MR VLOK Chairperson, I thought that Mr Botha had given me the instruction and that I could carry it out, in spite of the fact that it was an illegal action, I was prepared to take that responsibility. ADV GCABASHE I understand that Mr Vlok, but you see Mr Botha might actually have had a legal method in mind. The question really is why didn't you go back and say to him, you do realise there is no other way of doing this, other than by acting illegally as the instruction giver? MR VLOK The Commissioner is correct, he might have had something legal in mind as we have now tried to discuss, but then it is my mistake by not going back to him. ADV DE JAGER But Mr Vlok, if he had something legal in mind, and the next day he reads in the newspaper that the building had been damaged by a bomb, then surely he would have come to you and said Vlok, what have you done? MR VLOK And he didn't do that. ADV DE JAGER Yes. ADV GCABASHE But just to follow up on that, there was a culture of either covering up or accepting the illegal acts of subordinates within the Security Police certainly, that is what I have come to learn from these hearings. MR VLOK I can't agree that I was part of a culture of covering up. That might be the Commissioner's perception from the evidence, but I did not experience it as a culture. I must say once again that there were more than 100 000 Policemen, there were 2 000 Security Policemen, and they were all involved in these things. Only about 300 of these people applied for amnesty, so it wasn't actually a culture that existed. It was just something which existed with some people, because we were involved, and that is why people thought that they could do certain things, but the deliberate establishment of a culture of covering up right from the top down, that I did not experience. MR DANE Mr Vlok, when Mr Botha said this to you, why didn't you simply ask him what do you think I should do? MR VLOK Chairperson, I had learnt Chairperson, that at the very top level of demand, the person who is in command will just say what needs to be done. MR DANE Exactly. MR VLOK He will never say how it must be done. MR DANE He leaves that up to you? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE So he would have just said get rid of this building, or render it ... MR VLOK That was the custom in the Defence Force. The what would be given to you, but the how, would be left to your own discretion. MR DANE Mr Vlok, the proposition was put to you that theoretically when Mr Botha gave you this instruction it could have meant for you to act lawfully, it could have meant for you to for example, surround, cordon off the building and it could have meant that if people tried to get through, you should shoot. It could in theory have meant anything, but you never, ever understood that instruction from him, to mean that or did you? MR VLOK No, when I gave the matter some thought afterwards, I then realised that that possibility was simply not attainable. MR DANE Well, let's have a look what you say in your affidavit. According to what you said in your affidavit, page 36, I tried everything to change their minds. Nothing helped. We could not act against the people. You must render that building unusable, we must deny them the further use thereof. What did you understand him to mean when he said we cannot act against these people, because to surround the building, would be a way of acting against them? MR VLOK No, what was meant here was that we could act in terms of Security Legislation against the people by for instance detaining them in terms of Section 29 or the Emergency Regulations, that we could issue banning orders or restriction orders in terms of the Emergency Regulations and that we could curtail their activities in such a way. MR DANE Well, I am going to return to that, he then goes on according to your statement, he says to you whatever you do, you must make very sure that nobody is killed. This comes from the President who never debated the issue of COSATU House because as you say, you assumed everybody knew about it, and he says get rid of that building, make sure nobody gets killed. Come on, if you are telling the truth, are you trying to say that you didn't know what he was getting at, that the instruction to you was to demolish that building by unlawful means and you knew it at the time, that the instruction was given? MR VLOK I did not say that I assumed that they know about COSATU House, I said maybe. I see Adv Dane is waving his hand at me, but he is playing with semantics here, but I am the man on the spot here, so let us not try and mislead each other here. The fact of the matter is that when Mr Botha said that to me, I then wondered how I was going to achieve that. I really wondered how we were going to achieve this, but we didn't have any further discussions, I just left. MR DANE And then the building gets blown up and Mr Botha then congratulates you in the State Security Council and says congratulations with your operation. Did he not say that? MR VLOK Mr Chairperson, may I just explain once again. There were often congratulations given to people, because we were a team fighting a common enemy. My recollection is that Mr Botha sat and said colleague, congratulations with your and the Police's actions in respect of Khotso House, words to that effect. MR DANE What was he congratulating you for, you hadn't arrested anybody? MR VLOK But the explosion was a thing of the past already. MR DANE But he was congratulating you for blowing up the building? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And that is what you knew all the time, that you had to get rid of the building by illegal means, and that is why he congratulated you, isn't that correct? MR VLOK Mr Dane is not putting that correctly. MR DANE Now when he congratulated you, you say that was in the, according to your affidavit, in the State Security Council meeting, he congratulated you? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE What - who ... (tape ends) ... ON RESUMPTION ON - 28-07-1998 MR ROSSOUW Mr Chairman, for the record, Rossouw. Mr Chairman, I've got the unfortunate news that one of my clients, applicant 28, that is in Volume 2, Mr Douw Willemse was attacked last night, or yesterday during the day and he was apparently stabbed and he is at this stage in Medforum Hospital. I was only informed of this late last night, I haven't had the opportunity of visiting him myself, but I believe some of the personnel of the TRC has now gone to see him. Mr Chairman, under the circumstances and in the light of the lengthy procedures, I was wondering whether I can request that Mr Willemse's application be dealt with in Chambers if the Committee is satisfied on his application, he made a full disclosure and all the requirements have been satisfied. Otherwise whether the Committee would give him leave to be excused from the proceedings at this stage, so that arrangements can be made that he be taken back to Mossel Bay where he is residing and if the Committee requires him to give oral evidence, that myself be informed at a later stage of such development. CHAIRPERSON Well, I don't think at this stage we could possibly say we will decide to deal with it in Chambers. It may well be though that when we have heard all the evidence, it is unnecessary for him to give evidence. We will of course ask the other interested parties, whether they wish to cross-examine him on any aspect. But adopting a realistic approach to matters, it may well be that this hearing does not conclude on Friday. So it may well be that he is given the opportunity if he wishes, to return in some months' time, but in the meantime certainly, I think he can be excused from attendance. We will reserve your rights consequent upon his having not been here, should anything emerge in his absence that you subsequently wish to cross-examine on, when you have received instructions, we will permit you to do so. He will not be prejudiced in any way by being absent from the proceedings, and I think we could continue on that basis. You of course can take a note of anything that you think might be particularly interesting. I think I can also say with confidence speaking for myself and the members of the Committee and the other applicants and their legal representatives, that we would wish you to extend our sympathy to him for this unfortunate incident. I gather the place where he was assaulted and stabbed, is in very close proximity to the Police Headquarters? MR ROSSOUW Thank you Mr Chairman. CHAIRPERSON Are we ready to continue? Mr Dane, I don't want to interrupt your cross-examination or to unnecessary shorten it, but I would remind you that this is merely an inquiry and not a trial. ADRIAAN J. VLOK (still under oath) CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR DANE (cont) Thank you Mr Chairman. Mr Vlok, yesterday when we adjourned you were giving evidence about being congratulated in the State Security Council, do you remember, being congratulated in the State Security Council, do you remember that? MR VLOK Correct, yes. MR DANE Do you remember who was present? MR VLOK I can't remember who exactly was present, but if I remember correctly I said that it was the ordinary members of the State Security Council as I have indicated. According to memory if I had to say that the members of the State Security Council were the President who was the Chairperson, I could go through the list once more if you wish. MR DANE I am just interested more in the Cabinet Ministers who were interested, their names? MR VLOK The Cabinet at that occasion, if I remember correctly were the permanent members or the invited members of the State Security Council. The Minister of Justice was present as well as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Defence who was a member of the Council and then there were also senior Ministers who were members, who were not permanent but invited to the meetings. MR DANE So was that Mr Kobie Coetzee? MR VLOK He was the Minister of Justice at that stage. MR DANE Mr Botha, Pik Botha? MR VLOK Mr Pik Botha was the Minister of Foreign Affairs, yes. MR DANE Who was Finance? MR VLOK Mr Barend du Plessis. MR DANE And you said other senior Ministers, Mr F.W. de Klerk? MR VLOK Mr De Klerk was present yes, and Dr Gerrit Viljoen was also a member. And also the one who worked with the negotiations. MR DANE If I may just move back to when you and Gen Van der Merwe discussed the bombing of Khotso House, was it a long discussion? MR VLOK Chairperson, if I remember correctly, we sat down and spoke to each other about the order which I had received. The order was given by Mr Botha to render the building useless. Sorry, can I just put this in the right perspective, I have a need to do that. Mr Botha and I never discussed the violence against Khotso House and what had to be done there. I realised that there was nothing else to do. I once again discussed this with Gen Van der Merwe and we realised that we could not do anything else with this order. We came to the conclusion that even if we considered the theoretical possibility of cordoning the building off with troops and so on, we would eventually get to the point where we would have to act illegally. That is the conclusion that we reached. If you had to say to me that with this set of facts, you should have realised that it would be an illegal action, then you would be correct. If you were to tell me that the only conclusion, the only logical conclusion which could have been made from this set of facts - that would be correct as well. But we discussed this in a calm and peaceful fashion, and we realised that there was nothing else for us to do. MR DANE And did you discuss how you were going to explain away this bombing incident? ADV GCABASHE Sorry Mr Dane, with who, is this with P.W. or Van der Merwe? MR DANE I beg your pardon, with Gen Van der Merwe, did you and Gen Van der Merwe when you were discussing the bombing of Khotso House, discuss who you were going to blame for it, how you were going to cover up this unlawful act on your part? MR VLOK Chairperson, we did not discuss who we were going to blame. The case of Shirley Gunn who appeared on the scene was like a god sent to us, we didn't decide that we would blame somebody specifically. We told each other if I remember correctly, that we couldn't publicly accept the responsibility for this, and that is why we had to spread disinformation in the process. Not how and who, we didn't have anybody in mind to put the blame on. MR DANE And did you discuss the question of people, that they could be killed? MR VLOK We did discuss this and we were very adamant about it that everything possible should be done to ensure that no people would be seriously injured or killed. MR DANE But if persons were to be killed, innocent persons were to be killed or injured, you must have considered that as a possibility? MR VLOK Chairperson, we were so adamant about the fact that this should not happen. MR DANE But you were prepared to accept that innocent people could be killed? MR VLOK Chairperson, I must say with honesty that the possibility most certainly would have existed. MR DANE Obviously, I mean it is an obvious conclusion, there was a night watchman there and it is clear that somebody, somebody might have been walking passed the building, there was going to be a massive explosion, they could have been injured. MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE I don't want to debate ... CHAIRPERSON Hasn't the evidence disclosed that there were numerous people from Vlakplaas to ensure that nobody was walking passed the building? MR DANE As it pleases you Mr Chairman. That is an interesting point that the Chairman has just raised that there were numerous people from Vlakplaas there to ensure that people weren't injured, but according as I understand it, to the evidence that was given by Colonel De Kock, they were also instructed if need be, to kill other Policemen who may ... CHAIRPERSON When was this evidence given? MR DANE In the trial in which P.W. Botha was charged with contempt. CHAIRPERSON Are you relying on that, the George trial? MR DANE That is so Mr Chairman. Are you aware that that is what Colonel De Kock testified in the P.W. Botha trial? MR VLOK I took note of that yes. MR DANE That they were well armed and that they were to kill anybody who interfered with them, and that included members of the South African if needs be. MR VLOK Chairperson, I didn't know about that, that it could have happened or those orders were issued. I only came to know of this afterwards. My instructions which I discussed with Gen Van der Merwe was that there should be no serious injuries and no casualties. Those were my instructions. I must concede that the possibility did exist that people could be killed. But this was left in the hands of the Police experts in whom I had the greatest confidence and I heard afterwards that in that environment people had been placed, there were patrols which were put in place by the South African Police to cancel out that possibility and I am still grateful to this very day to the Almighty Father that very few people were killed. MR DANE It was a miracle in fact? MR VLOK I think it was a miracle, yes. MR DANE That no one was killed, yes. After the incident, you refer in your affidavit at page 37, of Volume 1, page 37 of Volume 1, page 34 of your first affidavit, the December 1996 affidavit, you said - do you have it before you? MR VLOK Yes, I have. MR DANE You say at the bottom, early in January Gen Joubert who was in control of the investigation, gave the following information to me. Do you see that in your affidavit? MR VLOK Yes, I have that. MR DANE And then on page 38 of the Bundle, a long dissertation is given about the - how this building was blown up by or implicating Shirley Gunn in the blowing up of the building, correct? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE I just want to, I don't understand what this statement that you've got from page 38 of the Bundle, under the heading Facts which came to light during the Investigation, you say Gen Joubert gave you that? MR VLOK That is correct. He gave me a memorandum. He first informed me about this orally and then after that, I asked him to confirm it and he sent me the memorandum. MR DANE Was he part of the cover up? MR VLOK Yes. He knew about it. MR DANE So what was this memorandum given to you for, for what purpose? MR VLOK Chairperson, the memorandum was given to me because these facts contained in the memorandum, apart from the sections within in which were disinformation, or aimed at being disinformation, he said to me these facts are the truth. CHAIRPERSON He said that the facts within the memorandum were true? MR VLOK That is correct. He told me that among others these facts, regarding Shirley Gunn who was seen at the scene, who went into the building, that that was the truth. ADV GCABASHE Mr Vlok, I am sorry Mr Dane, I thought the question was why did he give you a memo and I didn't quite get the answer to that, why a memo? MR VLOK He first discussed it with me orally and then I asked him to place these facts which he had given to me over the phone, in the form of a memorandum and he sent this over to me in order to confirm. The important point here is that according to our information, the information that he gathered, the facts were correct. It was correct that Shirley Gunn went to Khotso House and according to him, there was no doubt that she took explosives to Khotso House, according to the information that he received from his witnesses. I asked him to put this in a document form. CHAIRPERSON Did he think that she was responsible for the explosion? MR VLOK No, but that was the mistake. That is why we blamed her, that wasn't right. Gen Joubert also told me that the Police would be looking for Shirley Gunn for other deeds of terrorism and he gave me a list of these deeds as well. It is also in the document. If you would allow me, you would recall that Shirley Gunn brought a civil suit against me and during that matter, certain documents came to light, and one of the documents which was exposed, was a Police dossier in which it was said that it appears that Ms Gunn was detained on the following case docket. Cape Town, CR605/88, Sea Point, CR160/88, Bishop Lavis all regarding limpet mine explosions in Cape Town, Wynberg CR162/01/89 regarding the unlawful possession of arms. So the point was that Gen Joubert told me that he had this information that this lady and other people went into Khotso House with explosives. That is the impression that he had and that is what he conveyed to me. Then we said but here is the opportunity to say that this lady had explosives, and as a result of that, the Police even though they did cause the explosion, she was there with explosives. That is why I said it was like a god sent for us, as part of our disinformation campaign. This is why it was unfair against Ms Gunn to blame her for this, because she was completely innocent. MR DANE I don't want to go into, it sounds very complicated all of this Mr Vlok. I just want to refer you to page 51 of your affidavit in the Bundle, page 48, at the bottom. You refer to a news release, a document which you issued to the news, a news release to the media I take it. MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And there you've got this, that is at page 50 it starts where you give a whole lot of facts about what Ms Gunn is supposed to have done, and then at the bottom of page 51, you say members of the public are invited to assist and you say that they must phone Colonel Krappies Engelbrecht. Who was Colonel Krappies Engelbrecht? MR VLOK I don't know Chairperson. Suffice to say that this was the name that Gen Joubert put in the documents, in his affidavit as well as the press release. I am assuming that he was the Investigating Officer from the Security Branch, he was the person who was investigating the matter. If I might once again refer to the dossier of the Police which I received afterwards regarding Ms Gunn, he had also questioned her. MR DANE So in other words Colonel Engelbrecht was part of the Security Police and part of the whole charade? MR VLOK I don't know whether or not he knew about it, and the reason why I say that is because I told Gen Joubert this lady is innocent regarding the Khotso House incident, we can't detain her for that, please don't do that, and it also appears as such in my application. In the dossier that was made available to me, I saw that Colonel Engelbrecht and someone by the surname of Mostert, had questioned her regarding these other allegations for which she had been detained, and they also questioned her among others, regarding the Khotso bomb explosion, so I don't know whether or not he knew. MR DANE You say you are not sure if he knew, but if you look at page 65 of your second affidavit, Exhibit A, paragraph 224 - do you have it before you? MR VLOK 224? MR DANE That is correct. MR VLOK I have that. MR DANE You are discussing now the inter alia, the bombing of Khotso House and you say I was also naive to think that we could keep this a secret. Too many people, amongst other the entire Security community knew about it? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE So as I understand it, what you were saying was that the whole Security community knew about the bombing of Khotso House, and knew as I understand that you were involved in it. When I say you, the Security Police had done it? MR VLOK Chairperson, at that moment I didn't think about it like that, but afterwards it appeared that it was widely known within the Security community. MR DANE When did that become so widely known in the Security community? MR VLOK That I don't know, but I was under the impression afterwards, that the entire Security community knew about this. CHAIRPERSON In the light of the decision that there must be disinformation, that this must be covered up, is it likely Mr Vlok that a competent Police officer and I think I am correct in describing Mr Engelbrecht as a competent Police officer, would have been put in charge of an investigation like this, without being told look, you must keep this quiet? There was any danger was there not, if he had not been told, that he would have come out with a statement saying Mrs Gunn had nothing whatsoever to do with Khotso House, I am satisfied of that as a result of my investigation? MR VLOK Chairperson, that is correct and that would have been the truth as well. That is why it was a mistake to handle it in that way, but you are absolutely correct. I personally don't have any knowledge of whether Colonel Engelbrecht was informed regarding the information, but I think that that conclusion would be correct. MR DANE To come back to this issue of Khotso House, you already testified yesterday that in regard to Khotso House, one of the reasons that it was bombed is that you had information from informers that - if you can just bear with me for a moment - that it was used for communications and there were even explosives on the property, correct? You had information to that effect, or you received information to that effect? MR VLOK That is correct Chairperson. MR DANE That inter alia there was explosives on the property, that people, terrorists had gone there and that there had been vehicles that had been used, were seen at Khotso House? MR VLOK Chairperson, on page 57 to 60 of my submission you will find that. MR DANE Now we know during that period of time that, and when I say that period of time, I am speaking about 1987/1988 that there was a lot of people on the run. When I say a lot of people, a lot of activists on the run in South Africa at the time? In fact there were thousands, isn't that correct, all over the place? The Police in terms of the Emergency Regulations were picking up and detaining thousands of people? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And a lot of children were detained, youngsters? MR VLOK Not that many children, but children were detained. MR DANE And a lot of young teenagers, many, many teenagers detained? MR VLOK There were also young people in detention, that is correct. MR DANE That is one of the reasons why there were so many campaigns at the time, free the children, there was a committee dealing with the detainees and with the children detainees, all this, wasn't there at that point of time? I am not being specific I am generalising for that 1987/1988 and a lot of those people went to Khotso House, correct? MR VLOK Chairperson, I accept that these people would have gone there. MR DANE Because a lot of them were receiving funds from Khotso House? Children were receiving funds, detainees were receiving funds to assist them and that was common knowledge. Detainees families, they were receiving money, that was common knowledge? MR VLOK That is correct. I don't have any personal knowledge of this information, I didn't see it, but I do accept the inference which the Advocate is making. MR DANE Weren't you aware of that? MR VLOK I knew that people were going there and that they were being assisted by Khotso House. MR DANE You make mention in page 59 of A, that you had this information about which I have already referred. This information came from informers you said? MR VLOK Which document are you referring to? MR DANE Exhibit A, I beg your pardon, page 59, paragraph 209. Do you see that? MR VLOK It is paragraph 209? MR DANE Yes. You had information that you have referred to that there were explosives there and that people came from - terrorists were there and so forth, that you got that information from informants, is that correct? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And were those paid informants? MR VLOK I was present when some of the Policemen, Gen Erasmus and Gen Van der Merwe testified regarding informers and I accept that if the information was reliable as they explained it, then these informants would have received remuneration. MR DANE This information that you received, you said if you look at paragraph 210 on page 60, verification of the aforesaid information was extremely difficult. MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE And we also know that and correct me if I am wrong, that nobody in that period of time, was ever charged. Nobody from Khotso House was ever charged for any offence in terms of committing an offence in Khotso House, or am I incorrect? MR VLOK Chairperson, by nature of the fact, I would not know whether anybody was charged regarding these matters. MR DANE Well, wouldn't that have been important to know before you decided to bomb the building? MR VLOK Chairperson, I told you that verification of the aforesaid information with the objective on court oriented Police action, was extremely difficult. I can see the point that you are aiming at, but I can't tell you whether or not people were charged. I don't know, it may be that some people were charged, but I don't have the correct facts. MR DANE Well, my instructions are nobody I am not talking about for some other - but nobody in regard to any illegal activity in Khotso House, was ever charged? MR VLOK Yes, but you must consider who was in Khotso House, those who had offices there. MR DANE I am talking about the SACC, from the SACC. MR VLOK Yes, I accept that. MR DANE I am not speaking about the, maybe I was incorrect, maybe I shouldn't have said generalised, I am talking about the SACC, was anybody who was a member of the SACC organisation, ever charged for any offence committed in Khotso House? MR VLOK Not as far as my knowledge extends. ADV GCABASHE Mr Vlok, could I just ask you, information of that nature, you know that there were possible prosecutions or people may have been charged, I know you are not aware of that, this is what you are saying now, but isn't that the kind of information you would have deliberated on either at the State Security level or separately with Mr Botha in deciding what to do about Khotso House? Isn't that important enough to say these are the types of things that are going on, these are the prosecutions that have taken place, or so many people have been charged specifically, this is why this place has to be dealt with rather urgently? MR VLOK Chairperson, I think that that is a very fair question in the sense that it states that if people were prosecuted and if the prosecutions were successful, if the legal process would have been successful, it would not have been necessary for us to take this type of action. If I look back, there were no prosecutions and no charges against members of the South African Council of Churches. ADV GCABASHE Sorry, just to finish it off, and no attempts either because I understand your problem with the evidence. We have heard a lot about trying to get the right evidence to court, but attempts? You said nothing, nobody said anything about the attempts and the failure because of lack of evidence apart from successful, just the attempts? MR VLOK Chairperson, that there were probable attempts by the Police to gather evidence with which to prosecute people, I would not exclude this possibility. Was enough consideration given to this, could a charge be brought against somebody according to the law or court regulations? That attempts were made to see whether or not we could gather enough evidence to assess the risk for an informant, if we were to use this person's information in going to court, it was also taking into consideration if we could detain someone who was a member of the SACC because that would be a very sensitive detainee. If we were to touch such a person and touch the organisation consequently, it would lead to widespread international ramifications. All those aspects would have been taken into consideration, so I don't know about anybody who was charged, but I am certain that the South African Police and the entire Security Branch, those who had to see whether or not prosecutions could be instated against these people, most definitely took a thorough look to see if this could be done. ADV GCABASHE Mr Vlok, I am almost there, now did you specifically look at this? I understand that the functionaries might have prepared these reports, did you specifically have to deal with this issue at those higher levels, either at the State Security Council or with Mr Botha as you discussed the issue? MR VLOK No. ADV GCABASHE Thank you. MR VLOK No, that was not handled at our level. The only information which I had was that we could not succeed with court oriented action. That was the conclusion. MR DANE So, the point is this, as you have said, despite having in your arsenal at the time, the Internal Security Act which was a draconian piece of legislation in terms whereof a person who accused, had to in fact virtually if an act was proved, prove his innocence, isn't that correct, you were aware of that? MR VLOK Yes, we had the Internal Security Act at our disposal. MR DANE And you had as you already referred, the Emergency Regulations which were also draconian? Isn't that correct? MR VLOK That is correct. Yes, we had the Emergency Regulations at our disposal. MR DANE In fact in terms of those regulations, a member of the Security Force could arrest people without a warrant and detain anybody if in the opinion of such member, it was necessary for the safety and maintenance of public order, isn't that so? MR VLOK That is correct Chairperson. MR DANE If a member of the Security Force is of the opinion that it was necessary for the safety of the public, he could enter any building, any premises, search any vehicle, seize any object, isn't that correct? MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE So despite this awesome ... MR VLOK If you read the regulations, then you will see that it was like that. MR DANE And despite this, nobody from the SACC was ever charged for any offence arising from Khotso House? MR VLOK Chairperson, I don't know whether or not Adv Dane is taking this a bit too broadly to say that nobody was ever charged. During this period under discussion, I will accept what he is saying. CHAIRPERSON And it is perhaps unnecessary, but I take it when you say charged, you mean in connection with offences against the security of the State, you are not referring to traffic fines or things like that? MR DANE No. CHAIRPERSON It is limited to offences against the State. MR VLOK Thank you Chairperson. CHAIRPERSON But was no attempt made to discover, I can understand now and this is confusing me, that the South African Council of Churches was an organisation that would presumably have been held in high regard by numerous South Africans, and comprised many established churches. But we have been told again and again of the other organisations that had premises in Khotso House, which were not held in the same regard at all. Were their premises ever searched, was the garage searched and things of that nature? MR VLOK Chairperson I don't have any personal knowledge about that, but if I think about an organisation such as the UDF, which had offices in the building, some of the UDF people were detained. CHAIRPERSON But were the premises searched, because you have said in your affidavit both of them, I think, but certainly in the earlier one, about explosives and firearms being hidden there. If the Police believed this, why didn't they go and look for them? MR VLOK Chairperson, I don't know. I don't have any personal knowledge thereof, I accept that the Police did everything in their power in consideration of the circumstances, who was in the building and so forth, in consideration of all these surrounding circumstances, they did everything in their power before the situation was brought to me. CHAIRPERSON And we are now told and I presume the Police who were watching the building that night prior to blowing it up, must have known that Ms Gunn and two other people went into the building shortly before the explosion, carrying bags, one of them as if he had things wrapped around his body. Did they follow them? MR VLOK Chairperson, no. I don't think that the Police who blew up the building that evening, knew about this because according to Gen Joubert's document which he submitted to me, information came to light thereafter which made these facts known to him. CHAIRPERSON But she went there on the night of the explosion, isn't that what you say? MR VLOK But Chairperson, this information which was submitted to me, which was gathered by the Police, was only obtained afterwards. CHAIRPERSON But we have been told about many Policemen being all around the building to make sure that nobody came near the building, who might get injured or killed? Haven't we, wasn't that what the Vlakplaas Police were there for to make sure that nobody was killed or injured in the building? MR VLOK You are completely correct if you put it that way. I am just not certain whether or not she went that evening or a day or two before. I wouldn't be able to tell you because I don't know exactly how the report which Gen Van der Merwe gave to me, read. CHAIRPERSON Well surely they must have been watching the building? MR ROSSOUW Mr Chairman, I don't want to interject, I may just say in all fairness that I put in cross-examination that my clients will testify that the period within which they operated and within which the Policemen were watching the building, and the period the operation took, was about a minute or it was really a very short time. I am just stating that Mr Chairman, that that will be their evidence. CHAIRPERSON For how many months did they have an observation post opposite the building? MR ROSSOUW That is true, they had an observation post. I am just talking of the operation itself. CHAIRPERSON Is the evidence going to be that they brought all these Policemen from Vlakplaas to be in the street for a minute? MR ROSSOUW Well, the evidence will be that the operation took about that time, that it was a very, very, very short time in respect of the operation, and ... CHAIRPERSON So there might have been meetings being held in the building, dozens of people might have gone into that building, and the Police hadn't bothered to check before they exploded it. Is that what we are now being told? No precautions taken to see who was going into the building that night, who was there that night? Mr Vlok has told us that he insisted they must make sure that nobody was injured or killed. I am afraid I have difficulty in understanding this. MR ROSSOUW Mr Chairman, the only point I am trying to make is that we are going to listen to the evidence of about 25 other people who were involved in this, and who will be able to tell the Commission exactly how long they took in respect of the surveillance, how long they were employed around the building, when did they arrive there and when did they leave. CHAIRPERSON I am merely preparing to make sure that if it is going to be suggested that they were there for a few minutes, that there was no proper surveillance of the building and that Mr Vlok's instructions were not complied with. That it is pure luck that nobody was killed. MR ROSSOUW No Mr Chairman. Mr Chairman, can I just make it clear that I act for the people who went into the building, who put the bomb there, who manufactured the bomb. What I put was that that will be their evidence. CHAIRPERSON I am not talking about the people who put the bomb in, I am talking about the surveillance of the building. We have been told repeatedly how every step should be taken to make sure that nobody was injured or killed, which would obviously necessitate ensuring that there was nobody in the building that night, who might be except the unfortunate caretaker. It appears that no attempts were made to remove him from the building? MR VLOK Chairperson, might I just refer to page 38 of my original documents where reference is made to this. Paragraph 5, although no eyewitnesses could be traced regarding the explosion, a couple of days after the investigation began, a person came forward who alleged that on the evening of the explosion, he saw a coloured man and a white woman who he picked up at the station and dropped off at Khotso House. I am not certain at what time the explosion took place that night. The other witnesses would be able to tell us that, but I accept that people were still entering and exiting the building that evening. But before the explosion would take place, I would want to make sure that nobody was in the building? You are correct, but I think that the possibility of their seeing Ms Gunn and following her, is rather uncertain. I don't know if that existed with anybody. CHAIRPERSON Page 40, paragraph 9. Amongst the rubbish a seriously damaged top half of a cupboard was found as well as a shoe. Was that not the shoe of Ms Gunn? MR VLOK I don't know Chairperson, I am sorry, I can't be of assistance to you about that. MR DANE Mr Vlok, the point is with those powers that the Police had at the time, having regard to your evidence that if an offence and you said this yesterday, having regard to your evidence that if an offence was committed in Khotso House, you would have acted against the perpetrator of the offence, having regard to the fact that there was supposed to be according to your information, explosives in Khotso House, but nothing was ever done, I put it to you, this was all speculation. There was no valid evidence that in fact this was going on? MR VLOK Chairperson, you will understand that I can only rely on the information which was submitted to me and from that information, I would not like to say that Khotso House was the place where the ANC stored all its explosives. If we say that it was there, then that was my perception that at certain occasions there explosives were taken into the building, kept there for a period of time, because it was dangerous to walk around with this explosive material. That is where this information comes from which was submitted to me by Gen Joubert, and he told me we've got somebody who says that there are people in the building who might be carrying explosives, and it was the opportunity where we decided to blame her for the explosion. MR DANE The point is and I don't want to dwell on this in too great a detail, how does one know where the truth lies here, because the Police were the masters as I understand it had a specific Department, for propaganda purposes? According to the evidence as I understand it from you and I may be wrong, but certain Security Police killed people without you knowing about it, and without being sanctioned by their superiors, that is why there are so many applications. The Security Police could easily have manufactured this evidence. I am not saying that they did, I am saying they could, we don't know. They can say there are bombs there because they want to implicate somebody in that building, we don't know. How does one get a handle on all of this? You are getting it from information, you are getting that information from informers who were paid and the point that I make is, despite all this information, not one person from the SACC was ever charged at any stage. I put it to you that was because, well maybe I should not put it to you, I will argue it due course, but do you understand the problem that I am having? MR VLOK Yes, I can understand this, but the Advocate must also understand what my position was. I would receive information and the information would be submitted to the State Security Council, it was evaluated information, we would try to determine with the greatest level of certainty that the information which was given by the informants, was reliable. We tried to test this information and I would be the first person to say that there may or may not have been errors with this information. But that was what we had at our disposal and you must believe me when I tell you that when Shirley Gunn's information came forward, I thought to myself, this is motivation for what is happening. It may have been wrong, yes of course, and that is why I have a great degree of sympathy, but your question is that we are looking for the truth, that is why we are here, that is why I am here, that is why we have all applied, to reveal the facts and to determine what the truth is. MR DANE You say at page 58, paragraph 203 the UDF - in Khotso House, they had meetings in Khotso House on a weekly basis on the ground floor, there were hundreds of supporters of those persons, and after the meetings, there would then be violence in the centre of Johannesburg and damage would be done to buildings, etc. MR VLOK That is correct, that is the information which we had. MR DANE Is that another reason why you bombed Khotso House in August 1988? MR VLOK Chairperson, that was certainly part of the motivation regarding the information which we had, that we couldn't do anything about the situation. MR DANE But, no the question I am asking you is the reason, is that one of the reasons when you debated with Mr P.W. Botha about the bombing of this House, was one of the reasons that people are coming out of - UDF meetings are held there, people are coming out of the meetings and they then are causing damage in the city, was that one of the reasons for the actual bombing of the House? MR VLOK No Chairperson, I have said in my application that a presentation was given to the State Security Council and that included that information in all probability. It was probably one of the considerations which we used. We didn't sit down and say oh, there are people running out of the building, and that is why we are going to bomb it. MR DANE So this is one of the motivations then for bombing the place? MR VLOK That would be a better word to use. It was motivation. MR DANE So the motivations were this and also because as you suggested, there was information that explosives had been placed in the building, etc? CHAIRPERSON Well, there is a lot else isn't there? There is information that guns were taken into the building, there is information that money was paid out to people going overseas for training and returning, it wasn't just the two points you made, there were numerous points as I understand. MR VLOK That is correct Chairperson. MR DANE Yes, that is so Mr Chairman, those points are referred to in paragraph 209 of the affidavit. You see the only difficulty I have is that at that point in time, the UDF when the actual building was bombed, the UDF was banned, correct, or don't you know? MR VLOK Chairperson, they were not banned, their activities were restricted. MR DANE Right, they were restricted and in fact they were no longer in COSATU House at the time, I beg your pardon, in Khotso House at the time it was bombed? MR VLOK Chairperson, I accepted their Head Office was there and that was part of the motivation. MR DANE You weren't aware that they moved out the year before? MR VLOK When did they move out, I don't know. MR DANE In 1987. You weren't aware of this when this decision was taken to bomb this building on the basis that ... MR VLOK But Chairperson, that does not exclude the fact that they used the premises for their meetings and all the other activities that went along with it. MR DANE Right, well, that is disputed for what it may be worth. You see, was the reason that the building was also bombed because of that document that you had yesterday, that there was a boycott call of the 1988 local elections, was that not a reason why the building was bombed? MR VLOK Chairperson, I think we agreed just now that all the evidence, all the information that we had, were all contributing factors to the decision that we should act to make the building unusable. MR DANE You see, you and I am going to put this to you, you have suggested in your application and - or it has been suggested in the application that the - sorry, let me rephrase this question. You have put up these reasons for Khotso House being bombed, you have named a whole number of reasons, but you yesterday testified that the SACC is made up of the Lutheran church, various churches who had done nothing wrong. Do you remember saying that, testifying to that effect? MR VLOK Yes, you asked yesterday whether they were involved in violence and I said no. MR DANE Yes, that is right. Now, I put to you that the reason as I said why this building was bombed, because it was part of a campaign by the government and I would like you to comment on this, to actually attack and wage war against their perceived enemies and that is why the previous year COSATU House had been blown up, why Khotso House was blown up, why Khanya House, was Khanya House blown up? Burnt? MR VLOK I knew of Khanya House, that it was one of those. MR DANE But it was, the Khanya House was as I understand it, the property of the Catholic church, is that correct? MR VLOK I don't know, but if you say so then yes, it was. MR DANE Well, people have applied for amnesty, Policemen have applied for amnesty for burning down Khanya House and you have testified that the Catholic church had never done anything wrong. So now the Catholic church in terms of supporting violence, the Catholic church was against the government's policy of apartheid and wanted to put it at an end, correct? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE The South African Council of Churches was against apartheid and wanted to put it to an end, correct? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE COSATU was against the South African government and wanted to put an end to apartheid, correct? MR VLOK Correct. MR DANE These persons, these organisations were all perceived by the government of the day, to be the opposition, correct? MR VLOK Correct yes. MR DANE And that is why they were bombed, because you were waging and when I say you, the government of South African, was waging a war against these organisations. Correct? MR VLOK No. MR DANE And I put to you that at that stage, the government was in fact out of - in terms of what it was doing, and when I say the government, the government though its arm, the Police, was indiscriminately waging this war and in fact even this Cry Freedom application of yours, supports that hypothesis. Here in the Cry Freedom which is a small thing, the film was passed by your own Publication Board for viewing, you didn't agree with that, you went and intimidated the people from going to the movies? Is that correct? MR VLOK We did it, yes, and I admitted it. MR DANE Yes, I am talking about the motivation. That is the motivation for what you did, and all this other information you have actually glossed, you have glossed it in order to justify what you did. And in fact it was because you were waging a war against them. MR VLOK Chairperson, the Advocate is entitled to his opinion, but that is not correct. We were waging a war against these organisations, but we were waging a legal war in the sense that we were using legal means as far as possible, and it was only when we got to the point that we realised that we had to do something and we had no legal instruments left, when we actually turned to the illegal means. CHAIRPERSON Do I understand Mr Dane, that you are putting to Mr Vlok, that all these acts were acts committed by the government with a political objective? MR DANE You see the church's attitude, and I want to debate, this is the final point that I make, you made reference in your affidavit to the Lusaka document, the Lusaka declaration, do you remember that, it is somewhere in your affidavit? I can't find it at the moment, but I did find a reference to it in Gen Van der Merwe's. MR VLOK I don't think I referred to it. It might be. MR DANE Gen Van der Merwe referred to it and I know that it is not, perhaps you didn't, I seem to have a recollection that you did refer to it, but I just want to put this on record in regard to the South African Council of Churches' attitude, paragraph 8.9 of Gen Van der Merwe's affidavit, page 14 - that is the second affidavit that he made, Exhibit E, it is stated here the South African Council of Churches acted as a channel to give, to carry out the decisions of the World Council of Churches and during the Annual General Meeting in 1987 the following resolutions were taken to act as guidelines for radical churches and church organisations in the onslaught against the RSA. And the point that I make, that I make, that I want to deal with is 8.92, the violent actions of the liberation movements were justified since they were acting against the unlawful violence of the government, Lusaka Declaration. You are aware of the Lusaka Declaration? MR VLOK Yes. MR DANE And the reason I am putting this to you is this suggests that the SACC supported violence actions against the government, and the reason I am raising it is because I want to put to you that in so far as that was your understanding, or was that your understanding, it was incorrect. If I may just refer you to the Race Relations Survey to which I referred yesterday, 1987, can I read it to you Mr Vlok, at page 232 of the Survey for that year. It says the Lusaka document was drawn up at a conference convened by the World Council of Churches in Lusaka during May. A key section of the document read while remaining committed, and this is the document, while remaining committed to peaceful change, we recognise that the nature of the South African regime which wages war against its own inhabitants and neighbours, compels the liberation movements to the use of force along with other means to end the oppression. That is the Lusaka Declaration that was accepted by the SACC in June/July of 1987. I want to carry on if I may. The Church of the Province of South Africa, discussed this document and passed the following resolution in regard to it: The provincial standing committee understanding the pressures which led to the liberation movement to respond to violence with violence, understanding the pressures, aware that there is present insufficient factual evidence - let me leave that out about disinvestment - recognising the commitment to peaceful change laid out in the Lusaka document and acknowledging the urgent need to correct the church's current abysmal failure to bring about meaningful change and end to aggression. And then it went on to implore its members to explore to the fullest means by which it can show Jesus' (indistinct) positive, non violent way to change despite the high cost of this way. Now in regard to this Lusaka Declaration, the Anglican Bishop of Johannesburg, Douglas Buchanan said at a Provincial Standing Committee regarding the document, that the Provincial Standing Committee's acceptance of the Lusaka Document was far from meaning that his church accepted violence. It meant that it understood how violence begets violence. In fact the church had made the strongest call for non-violence that it had probably ever made. What it did do was to call for negotiations between the various warring groups to build a better post-apartheid society, implore church members to look at Jesus' way for non-violent change and appealed to everyone to place themselves to these ways. What this states, and I am putting to you that the SACC if you say that they justified the use of violence, that is not correct. The acceptance of the Lusaka Declaration, was that they understood the forces that give raise to the use of violence, but they themselves never supported or justified the use of violence. Do you accept that proposition that I put to you? MR VLOK Chairperson, I have repeatedly said and we argued about it yesterday as well, that the South African Council of Churches and its member churches, of which I knew that they had never supported the violent struggle of the ANC/SACP, at least not openly, but it is also true as Adv Dane has read that they said that they understand it, and they didn't condemn it. Some did, but I would like to read you a quote in this regard, something which Archbishop Tutu said on the 6th of November 1988 and that is why I in my documents always said that I don't think that people such as Archbishop Tutu and Rev Frank Chikane, they were always opposed to the use of violence. Archbishop Tutu said in Kenya and Nairobi although I am opposed to all forms of violence as a way of dismantling apartheid, and this is what we are preaching about, I am opposed equally to the violence stirred against the people by an unjust system. That is the balance. This history of the church contains records of support for the heroic leaders in history who used violence to liberate their people. That is a quote which I would like to put on the table in this context and I would like to say to Adv Dane, that the Lusaka record and I am referring to the church looking for a basis and theology, that was followed by the Kairos Document. If we talk about that Kairos Document, what that tried to effect in South Africa in respect of the oppressor and the oppressed, then we could actually be busy for quite some time, and perhaps the theologians should talk about that. ADV DE JAGER Yes Mr Vlok, I agree. Mr Dane, let's concentrate on the requirements of the Act. We are dealing with an amnesty application. Whether a perpetrator who had done wrong, is entitled to amnesty. If they have acted correctly, they wouldn't have been here. They are here because they committed offences and that is common cause, they have committed the offences. What we should ascertain is whether it was committed with a political motivation, with an act associated with a political objective, not even with the motive itself, but it should be associated with a political objective. That is what we have got to judge in the end. We will appreciate it if you could concentrate in being helpful to decide whether it was so or not. If not, they can't get amnesty, if so, well, then one of the requirements of the Act is met. The other requirements should still be dealt with then. MR DANE As it pleases you Mr Chairman. The point that I want to make clear in putting that proposition to Mr Vlok, was in as much as there was any suggestion that the SACC supported any form of violence, I was putting on record, that is not correct. That is why I referred to the Lusaka Document, because it was referred to in Mr Vlok's affidavit. CHAIRPERSON I think Mr Vlok conceded yesterday that the South African Council of Churches as such, was not involved. MR VLOK That is correct. MR DANE Thank you and that is in fact all I have to ask. NO FURTHER QUESTIONS BY MR DANE . MR VISSER Mr Chairman, certainly nothing has arisen from cross-examination that calls for any re-examination. None of the issues of the act has been addressed, so I have no re-examination. You are looking at me Mr Chairman, but I think Mr Penzhorn still has questions. CHAIRPERSON I am trying to remember whether you re-examined in respect of any of the other cross-examinations. MR VISSER I didn't in fact Mr Chairman, for the same reason. CHAIRPERSON Mr Penzhorn, is there anything you wish to raise? CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR PENZHORN As it pleases the Committee, Mr Chairman. I think I have got my wires crossed here, I would just like to entangle it. May it please the Committee. Mr Vlok, there are just a couple of aspects which I think are relevant for the record. For the record I am Penzhorn, on the instructions of Mr P.W. Botha who has been implicated in quite a few of the aspects covered by my learned friends in cross-examination. I think I should state for the record Mr Vlok, that Mr Botha does not oppose your application for amnesty on whatever basis, but just as far as certain insinuations that were made during cross-examination, it is important that we try and clear up some of the possible misunderstandings. I have sympathy Mr Vlok for the fact that all the incidents that we are talking about here, happened a long time ago. It is almost ten years or more and that the finer detail might not be so clear any more. It is possibly as a result of that that there have been certain semantic differences that have arisen and I will try and look beyond semantics in the questions that I am going to put to you. That is just as an introductory remark. Mr Pik Botha, as far as he is concerned, reference was made to the documents of a hearing before the Truth Commission and Mr Pik Botha in his appearance at the hearing regarding the State Security Council, where you also testified, said that there was never any resolution in the State Security Council as a recommendation as you put it, or it was the function of the SSC or in the Cabinet, that anybody should be killed in the country. You don't have a problem with that? MR VLOK No, that is correct. MR PENZHORN You in fact testified to that effect during that same hearing? MR VLOK That is correct. MR VISSER Mr Chairman, that is not entirely correct if I may help my learned friend. Mr Vlok went much further, he said as far as he is concerned, and where he was present, at the State Security Council, they never took a decision to act illegally. So it goes much further than that. MR PENZHORN Thank you Chairperson, I will get to that. The next point is that there was never any resolution taken in the State Security Council or Cabinet, which would amount to a gross violation of human rights as defined in the TRC Act, is that correct? MR VLOK Yes. MR PENZHORN And then the point which my learned or more learned friend, Mr Visser has just put to you, there was also never any resolution taken by Cabinet or the State Security Council which would amount to an order to carry out an unlawful action? MR VLOK That is correct. MR PENZHORN To get back to the discussion which you had with Mr Botha. CHAIRPERSON Is that P.W? MR PENZHORN Mr Chairman, yes unfortunately we were besieged by the Botha's at the time, so I will refer to the initials. I am referring to my client, Mr P.W. Botha, this discussion which you had with Mr P.W. Botha after the meeting of the State Security Council meeting, it wasn't a Cabinet meeting if I understand you correctly. MR VLOK Yes, it was a State Security Council meeting. MR PENZHORN You have already testified that at that SSC meeting, there was a presentation made in which the SSC was told about certain actions of terrorists relating to Khotso House, is that correct? MR VLOK Yes, amongst other things. Not only actions by terrorists, but also the entire set up at Khotso House, what the organisations were doing, what campaigns they were involved in, etc, so there was a complete presentation in respect of the total sum of activities orchestrated from Khotso House. MR PENZHORN Now, it is unfortunate and you have already said that, that we don't have the presentation to hand, because if we had, we probably would have been able to get a much better background as to the perceptions which existed at the time in your own mind and in the minds of others. This presentation was made by the Secretariat of the State Security Council, is that correct or was it done by the Security Branch of the Police or National Intelligence? MR VLOK The people who took the lead here, were the people who were involved in the Secretariat of the State Security Council. They from time to time, sometimes coopted people from National Intelligence or the Security Branch and Military Intelligence to give more detailed input about their specific areas. MR PENZHORN So your evidence is that that presentation was prepared by the Intelligence Services and was presented as a joint presentation? MR VLOK Yes. MR PENZHORN You have already testified that in the various structures that existed, the various Intelligence Services, correlated all the Intelligence collected by all the different Security organs, and it was then presented to the SSC? MR VLOK That is correct. And the information was verified as far as possible as to its accuracy and we tried to ascertain whether it was reliable and it was then collated and interpreted and presented to us. MR PENZHORN Can I ask you, was it a fairly lengthy presentation or can't you remember? MR VLOK These presentations sometimes lasted for quite a long time, but I can't remember specifically how long this one lasted. MR PENZHORN I didn't expect that you would remember. Can you recall whether after this presentation, there was any discussion in the State Security Council itself? MR VLOK No, that I can't remember. MR PENZHORN In any event, no resolutions were taken by the SSC which would serve as a recommendation for the Cabinet meeting that would follow? MR VLOK That is correct. MR PENZHORN Now the ensuing conversation which you had with Mr P.W. Botha, your evidence was that that was right at the end after the State Security Council had already adjourned? MR VLOK That is correct. MR PENZHORN And am I understanding your evidence correctly that it was a very short conversation? MR VLOK Yes, it didn't take very long. MR PENZHORN In other words, it was put to you I think by Mr Dane to what extent did you re-discuss the presentation, but what took place between yourself and Mr Botha was never a debate. I think my learned friend's words were while you were debating it with Mr Botha, it was not a debate, it was a short conversation, you were on your way out, Mr Botha was also on his way out, and the short conversation took place? MR VLOK Correct, it wasn't a debate. MR PENZHORN During that short conversation, you referred to certain problems and the problems were discussed, these were problems relating to the use of Khotso House by terrorists, is that correct? MR VLOK Chairperson, Mr Botha told me after this presentation that we had now heard what the problems were and we all knew what they were, and that they included the problems that Mr Penzhorn now refer to in respect of making use of Khotso House by terrorists. MR PENZHORN The essence of this problem was that terrorists would go to that building and certain planning sessions would take place within the building. I think at some point you referred to the fact that they were also paid there and that explosives were also taken into the building by terrorists. MR VLOK That was part of the presentation which we were given. It formed part of the motivation which we had for this action. MR PENZHORN In other words the emphasis was on the actions of the terrorists? In your evidence you already said that the government at that stage, did not in respect of the South African Council of Churches or its member churches, it did not place any of these in the dock? MR VLOK That is correct. MR PENZHORN I don't know whether they were actually housed there or accommodated there, but the Catholic Bishop's Conference, they were also not targeted? MR VLOK That is correct, yes. MR PENZHORN I am mentioning that proverbially of course. Afripics was also not a target? MR VLOK No. MR PENZHORN I think Bishop Storey testified during his trial in George or in Mr Botha's trial in George, that there were certain Trade Union organisations that had offices in Khotso House and you had no action against them. MR VLOK We had nobody in view as a target. What we were aiming ourselves at, were the activities committed by people in using Khotso House. MR PENZHORN Now, Mr Botha's recollection of this time is also a little bit vague as a result of the lapse of time, but according to his recollection, the focus was very much on the terrorists using the building. You have already testified that Mr Botha - let me rephrase, the conversation which you had with Mr Botha, the crux of it, was not that look you have tried all lawful methods or you have already considered lawful methods, and that you could not act in terms of these lawful methods, and that therefore you should go for an unlawful option, or action, am I correct? I think it was unfair to you, it was quite a long question, but what it amounts to, what I am saying is this, in the conversation which you had with Mr Botha, the crux of the conversation was not - look, we cannot do anything to these people using lawful means, because it will have major international repercussions so you should resort to unlawful means? MR VLOK No, that was not the crux of the conversation. MR PENZHORN The nub of the conversation was that you should act, or that the Police should make a plan and that action should be taken because you were also aware of all the lives of innocent South Africans that were being endangered by the actions of the terrorists and you should act to make an end to this, and to this threat and to the abuse of the building by terrorists? MR VLOK That is correct. I would just like to point out that it was in that time in 1988, that the terrorist onslaught against the country escalated dramatically. Statistics proved that in that year, it reached its height. More than 300 incidents of terrorism took place in that year. The concerns which we had and the worry which we had at that time, was that motor bomb explosions were taking place increasingly and that we felt we should act. MR PENZHORN As I have already said, your action was aimed against the terrorists committing these acts of terror and the motor bombs and so on? MR VLOK We believed that these terrorists were misusing the facilities as Khotso House. MR PENZHORN What I want to put to you is the following, but before I get to that, I want to ask you another question. I just want to confirm that it was your evidence that this "unlawful plan" was not something which came from the Botha conversation, that is something which you thought of as an option after you had already left Mr Botha and up until you had the conversation with Gen Van der Merwe? MR VLOK Mr Botha at no stage told me that I should act unlawfully. Those are the facts, but it is so that when I gave the matter some thought afterwards as to how I could carry out the instruction, it is logical that on the facts before me, I could come to no other conclusion as that we should act unlawfully. MR PENZHORN It is also so that the COSATU House incident which preceded the Khotso House incident by about a year, that that aspect was never discussed by the SSC? MR VLOK Correct. MR PENZHORN And Mr Botha was never informed in any way as to the Police's conduct and actions in terms of COSATU House? MR VLOK Correct. MR PENZHORN In other words there could not have been any example present in Mr Botha's mind, he could not have thought well, look, we have already dealt with COSATU House successfully and blown it up, so the blowing up of Khotso House or the destruction of Khotso House, can simply happen along the same lines? MR VLOK I did not inform him. So if he had known it and could use it as an example in his own mind, then I would not be aware of that. MR PENZHORN We also said that at that stage, 1987, it was not part of the State Security Council's policy to blow up buildings belonging to political opponents? MR VLOK No, that was not the policy. MR PENZHORN Just one aspect touching on the congratulations, my learned friend Mr Dane referred to the congratulations and I think there is some aspect of your evidence that I want to refer to. I think I am correct in saying that one of the considerations which you had at the time, was to act against the respective church leaders, but in the light of the international implications which it could have, you decided that would not be correct and that it would actually be very harmful to the country? MR VLOK That is correct. MR PENZHORN Is it correct that somebody like Mr Pik Botha and I am referring to evidence which he gave before the Truth Commission at the State Security Council hearings, that his major concern was that the image of the country abroad, would be harmfully affected, it would be damaged? MR VLOK Correct. MR PENZHORN And at Cabinet meetings and SSC meetings he displayed great sensitivity about this matter? MR VLOK Yes. MR PENZHORN Now I don't know what Mr Barend du Plessis sentiments would have been in this regard, but I am assuming that he would also have been quite sensitive in this regard. You knew him better? MR VLOK Mr Du Plessis was the Minister of Finance and any such action would have repercussions abroad, anything which tarnished our image abroad, would also have financial implications and for that reason he was sensitive on this score. MR PENZHORN Now both of them were members of the SSC, so neither of them would have approved any decision by the SSC to act against the church leaders as a result of those implications? MR VLOK That is probable. MR PENZHORN Do you think in retrospect that the SSC given these persons with their very particular sympathies and sentiments, do you think that they would have approved action against the South African Council of Churches, given the factors I have just mentioned? MR VLOK In my evidence I said - during my application I said that Mr Botha earlier had given the order that the responsible Ministers in the various departments such as for instance departments who dealt with the Affected Organisations Act, and the Minister of Interior, Home Affairs, who was responsible for the Fund-raising Act, etc, that all those respective Ministers would have to go and see how they could act against the South African Council of Churches or its member churches and from that discussion, and it was probably discussed at the State Security Council meetings, and the answer time and again was negative, we could not act. MR PENZHORN I am trying to get the proper reference, in your submission in paragraph 30 of Annexure A, you said that the government's policy in relation to the revolutionary onslaught was to resist the onslaught with all violence and options at its disposal, and I think my learned friend Mr Dane also took up this aspect with you. As I understood your initial evidence in chief, you said that violence here was not meant to refer to violence as such, you actually said it was the wrong word that was used. I unfortunately can't remember what you said, you said that you did not mean force or violence. Can you perhaps help me? MR VLOK Chairperson, the government's policy was that violence could be used against terrorists. It was chiefly aimed at cross-border actions. But what I actually had in mind there was that we would act with all the means at our disposal to resist this onslaught. MR PENZHORN In other words the synonym you are actually looking for is force and not violence? MR VLOK Yes. MR PENZHORN To get back to the question which I asked you as to the prior approval by the State Security Council, if I understand your evidence correctly, you are saying that at that meeting there was a specific reference to the Khotso House incident during which congratulations were expressed to the Security Forces. Is that correct or were the Security Forces or the Police, South African Police, was the position that they were congratulated without any reference to an incident? MR VLOK If I remember correctly, the Khotso House incident was not on the agenda specifically, it was just actually mentioned in passing and it was then that Mr Botha expressed congratulations. MR PENZHORN Is it true that Mr Botha, it has been minuted, would from time to time congratulate the Security Forces in the State Security Council meetings if for instance violence was curbed in a specific area? MR VLOK Yes. MR PENZHORN And Mr Botha, by the same token was also frustrated when the Security Forces failed to curb violence and to control it? MR VLOK Correct. MR PENZHORN Many of these congratulations were actually minuted. Was there any reaction from other members of the State Security Council according to your recollection, relating to the congratulations given the circumstances that these people were entirely cold as far as the matter was concerned? MR VLOK All that I can remember was that there was no objection raised. MR PENZHORN Also not as a result of the fact that it was action against the South African Council of Churches? MR VLOK No, nobody told me look, what on earth have you done, nobody scolded me. Nobody was angry with me, nobody said anything. MR PENZHORN And the usually worried Mr Botha, as far as foreign implications were concerned? MR VLOK Nobody objected to me. MR PENZHORN You see Mr Vlok, the only reason why I am mentioning this is that as a result of the lapse of time, there perhaps is an incomplete recollection. Mr Botha's recollection is that he definitely did not congratulate you at the State Security Council meeting on this incident. What he does say is that he had the habit at the start of a meeting or in the course of such a meeting, to convey congratulations to the Ministers responsible for certain Security Forces for general actions committed, in other words for global incidents. It would seem to me in view of the sensitivities held by Mr Pik Botha and others at the State Security Council meetings, that I think he would actually have strongly objected to such action if he had known nothing about the whole matter, assuming that the State Security Council didn't know anything about it. It is possible that Mr Botha's recollection is correct in this regard? MR VLOK It is certainly possible as Mr Penzhorn said, it is ten, twelve years ago now that this happened, but my recollection is that it was more than greeting me and saying congratulations on your action. What is possible is that there was a general discussion about other actions taken by the Security Forces. Perhaps we were involved in other things as well, perhaps the Police had been involved in other actions, and that he regarded it as part and parcel of that. But my recollection was that it was more than a simple greeting and well done, you acted well. It was more than that, that is my recollection. CHAIRPERSON Mr Penzhorn, how much longer do you think you will be? MR PENZHORN Mr Chairperson, if it would be convenient ... CHAIRPERSON Shall we take the adjournment now? MR PENZHORN I have no problem with that. CHAIRPERSON We will take the adjournment now until eleven o'clock. COMMITTEE ADJOURNS CHAIRPERSON Mr Penzhorn, carry on. ADRIAAN J. VLOK (still under oath) CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR PENZHORN (continued) Mr Chairman, I have just got a couple of questions which I just want to get the relevant Bundle. Mr Vlok, I would just like to come to a couple of aspects which emerged from the cross-examination conducted by my learned friend, Mr Du Plessis and this is with regard to Exhibit B. If you could just find Exhibit B. I am just going to make a number of quotations from Exhibit B. Mr Vlok, I don't think that for the purposes of this specific hearing, it would be relevant however, in the light of the fact that this has been included, I would just like to make a few remarks to you and this is about the semantics of these words such as eliminate and neutralise and so forth. I think if it has ever been argued with respect regarding the interpretation of these words, then it has definitely taken place during the last two years before this Commission and its Committees. Do I understand your evidence correctly that what you say and I think your testimony was that one should look at the background of the discussions at the State Security Council and so forth, within which these terms were used. MR VLOK That is correct Chairperson. MR PENZHORN You also therefore agree essentially with what Pik Botha said in the State Security Council and I will read a passage from the evidence to you on page 42, on the subject of analysing and construing State Security Council resolutions and documents, it should be mentioned that we were relentlessly inundated with working documents, proposals, guidelines, assessments, predictions and memoranda drafted by a labyrinth of committees, sub-committees, joint management centres, assessment centres, working committees, task groups, ad infinitum. And now the important part, in interpreting SSC minutes, it should be kept in mind that the minutes as well as the documentation do not reflect the atmosphere in which a debate took place. Do you agree? MR VLOK Chairperson, we were overwhelmed within a war and it is true, I agree with that viewpoint of Pik Botha. MR PENZHORN And in light of the evidence which you have already given with regard to decisions and considerations within the State Security Council and the Cabinet, was there in the background in the circumstances which have been mentioned by Pik Botha regarding the atmosphere, the background in which these decisions were made, was there ever any intention to kill people? MR VLOK No Chairperson. MR PENZHORN If you look at page 46, I think this Bundle is not a chronological sequence of events, I have established that it is not alleged that the annexures are attached to specific minutes because I think in any event it is not like that. ADV DE JAGER Did you say Bundle 46, do you mean page 46 of Exhibit B? MR PENZHORN That is correct. My apologies Mr Chairperson, that this is actually a collection of various documents of working committees some of which were attached to minutes and documents for the State Security Council. If you look, the elimination and the meaning of kill, if we look at page 46, the top sub-paragraph (a) it says intimidation must be eliminated. Would you agree with me that the meaning of eliminate does not mean that intimidators must be eliminated in the sense that they should be killed? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. MR PENZHORN If we look at neutralisation, look at page 23 of Bundle B, it says that the objective of that specific document and that is with the emphasis on the concept national strategy against the revolutionary war, it says in paragraph 9 on page 23, to neutralise the revolutionary war against the RSA. That is the objective, so that a democratic dispensation can be achieved in which all population groups can have equal share in the government of the country, without threatening each other's group rights. Clearly the intention in this paragraph was not that all participants in the revolutionary war, should be neutralised, and that that is not the equivalent of killing. MR VLOK I agree, that is correct. MR PENZHORN Just an aspect which I think is necessary with regard to the documentation of the SSC, is it correct that SSC minutes and annexures thereto were classified as strictly confidential? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. MR PENZHORN There was a limited circulation list in the sense that it was only circulated to members who had seats on the State Security Council? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. The minutes were only available to a small group of people. MR PENZHORN And indeed it is also so that some of these minutes I don't know if you can remember, were not to be copied without the permission of the one who compiled these documents? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. MR PENZHORN In other words, is it correct that for the purposes of the documentation and perhaps you could just assist us here for a minute, these working committees, I think you did testify regarding this, these committees were working committees and it was the Secretariat of the State Security Council which consisted of a number of people from National Intelligence and various Intelligence Services, who primarily compiled these documents? MR VLOK That is correct. MR PENZHORN And with the members of the State Security Council, there was never a problem with interpretation regarding what many of these terms which were used rather loosely, such as neutralise and eliminate and so forth, in light of the context of the discussions which took place regarding these terms? MR VLOK That is correct. MR PENZHORN The problem arose and you have given that evidence, that these words might have assumed a different meaning for other people apart from the context of the State Security Council? MR VLOK That is correct, because the minutes were circulated to a small group of people and they we re not to be duplicated, so therefore the distribution thereof was limited, but such as with these documents which are being discussed here, such as the Strategy in Combating the ANC, as Mr Penzhorn has pointed out correctly, these documents were compiled by working committees, by officials and these documents were widely available. There was not strict control over these type of documents. Where the minutes were much less available, these documents in many instances, would end up on the desks of different divisions and I don't think that there was very firm measures of control regarding where these documents circulated and that created a number of problems for us, especially with regard to the language usage within these documents as well as with those operatives who saw these documents and accepted or interpreted or understood literally the meaning of what was contained in these documents. ADV GCABASHE Mr Vlok, can I just for clarity you say it is only the working documents that were widely available, not the minutes? MR VLOK Not the minutes, that is correct. ADV GCABASHE But these would be headed working documents, not minutes of the State Security Council? MR VLOK That is correct. ADV GCABASHE So in interpreting what was written in these documents, that operative would know that this is just a working document, this is a draft of something that is going to go on to other people, they are being asked for input? MR VLOK Chairperson, I beg your pardon if I have not expressed myself correctly, I don't think that all these documents were headed working documents. They were official documents, I have an example before me, it says State Security Council with an address and the heading of the document would be for example Strategy for Combating the ANC, and from that one could see that it was an official document, but it was far widely available to various people who would attach a literal interpretation to the words used in these documents. ADV DE JAGER Are you referring to a document that has been included in Exhibit B? MR VLOK Yes, that is on page 3 the document to which I am referring, to which Mr Penzhorn has referred me. Might I just add that on page 2, there is a covering letter to all the members of the working committee of the State Security Council, that is page 2. ADV DE JAGER On page 37 there is a similar letter or document. MR VLOK That is correct Chairperson. ADV DE JAGER To whom were these documents and letters made available? MR VLOK Chairperson, this was supposed to be available to all the members of the JSC working group. I see that it is copy 3 of 11 copies, so therefore it was made available to 11 persons. Who they were, we don't know, but it was a working committee, so in other words it would be lower rank operatives who were involved in the compilation of this document. MR PENZHORN Thank you Mr Chairperson. Mr Vlok, just one further aspect, these members of the working committee, those documents were also classified as strictly confidential? MR VLOK Yes, that is correct. MR PENZHORN If you look at page 33 of that Bundle B, page 33 is a tabulation, a summary of this concept strategy and it has been divided into various divisions safety, constitutional and so forth. The two final inscriptions (vi) and (vii) are alternative authority structures of and area control by radicals and revolutionaries within liberated areas, must be neutralised. And then if you will consult the relevant institution in that instance, would be the South African Police, the South African Defence Force and Justice, the implication of this as you understood it in light of your attendance at the meetings was as I have said before, not that radicals and revolutionaries should be killed by the Department of Justice or the Attorney General or whoever? MR VLOK As I understood it, we had to take court oriented action against these persons. MR PENZHORN And then (vii) it says intimidators must by means of formal or informal policing be neutralised. Once again the South African Police would be the responsible institution. That would not have been an indication to you of a policy that intimidators should be killed by Policemen in uniform or in private clothing? MR VLOK No. CHAIRPERSON How would you intimidate somebody by means of informal policing? MR VLOK Chairperson, perhaps that is a question which could be answered much better by the relevant Commissioner, but if I were to say it would be by placing Policemen on the scene, either in uniform which could serve as a deterrent or in private clothing, so that they could arrest someone who would be intimidating. CHAIRPERSON But it is not informal to arrest somebody? MR VLOK Chairperson, they would be present there and by having a certain presence there, they would be able to scare off the intimidator and that is through our interpretation, would assist with this kind of situation. MR PENZHORN Mr Vlok, in other words the point that I am trying to make here, I don't think it is actually relevant for this specific hearing, but just for the sake of completeness, it might have been necessary to refer to these aspects within the Exhibits submitted to this Committee. The problem perhaps arose because copies of documents ended up in places out of context, where the relevant persons didn't have the advantage of the background discussion from which this document originally came and that would essentially have constituted the problem? MR VLOK That is correct. MR PENZHORN And is it correct that you were a member of the government, that you were a member of the Cabinet and the State Security Council at that time and you never intended by means of these documents, and this was also not the government's intention, to serve this as conduct for operatives? MR VLOK That is correct. MR PENZHORN I've got no further questions for Mr Vlok, Mr Chairman. NO FURTHER QUESTIONS BY MR PENZHORN . FURTHER CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR ROSSOUW Mr Chairman, I know I have had a chance, would it be possible arising from the questions that have been asked now, for me to ask Mr Vlok a few questions? CHAIRPERSON Provided they arise only from what has been asked now. MR ROSSOUW They will only pertain to Exhibit B Mr Chairman. Mr Vlok, just a few aspects which I would like to clear up while we have the opportunity. The question regarding that which was put to you in terms of the meaning of informal policing. Does it not mean that it was intended and I would just like to find the exact spot, page 33, does it not mean Mr Vlok, that on a covert, unauthorised, illegal manner, action should be taken against intimidators, is that not what it means? Let's just look each other in the eye Mr Vlok, we both know what the words say, we don't need to beat around the bush, couldn't it have meant that? MR VLOK It could have meant that. MR ROSSOUW And that is also in line with your evidence, the foot soldiers, the officers and other people who handled these documents and saw that this was a document circulated at the State Security Council, or at the Secretariat of the State Security Council, they didn't attend the meetings of the State Security Council and listened to the discussions which was held there? MR VLOK That is right. MR ROSSOUW And they would make this inference, would you agree? MR VLOK That would depend upon the interpretation of the man on ground level. If that is the interpretation that he made, then I must accept that that kind of inference is possible. MR ROSSOUW Was there anybody on the State Security Council where you sat, who ever made the remark that listen boys, we must be careful, because this word usage could be interpreted incorrectly, we must be careful? MR VLOK No Chairperson. MR ROSSOUW It was just put through like that, it was just left like that? MR VLOK We left the documents like that. I can't remember that we ever sat down and said that we should clean up the documents and remove the words that could be incorrectly interpreted. MR ROSSOUW And if we take it further and look at page 38, am I correct that your evidence was that this was made available to the members of the JCS working groups? These were members of lower rank who would also have insight into these documents, that was your evidence? MR VLOK That is correct. MR ROSSOUW Very well. Paragraph 1 under Introduction, five sentences from the end, if you will read the words that have been put there, almost all the actions which are identified after this, are implicit to Strategy 44 and other approved strategies. It is necessary that departmental strategies and operational plans now be co-ordinated and executed within the framework of existing national policy and strategy. Do you understand? MR VLOK That is correct. MR ROSSOUW And if somebody were to read this, if I were to read this, it would appear to me that what stands in this document is actually in line with already approved strategies? MR VLOK It is correct, it does appear that way. MR ROSSOUW And in the minutes of the State Security Council meetings, if one would consult these minutes, I haven't had the opportunity but one would accept that if this wasn't correct, if this document was submitted to the SSC and it was not correct, there would have been some indication of this in the minutes? MR VLOK That is correct. MR ROSSOUW And those individuals who had access to the minutes, such as Mr Penzhorn, would be able to submit this kind of document to us? MR VLOK If there was such a document, then they would be able to retrieve it. MR ROSSOUW Yes, somebody like Mr Penzhorn would be able to submit this to us. MR PENZHORN Mr Chairman, I just wish to advise my colleague in advance, that I do not intend giving evidence at this hearing. MR ROSSOUW I don't know whether that is an answer that Mr Penzhorn is not accepting my challenge, but Mr Vlok if we look at this document further, I don't want to unnecessarily revisit things that I have done before, but let's look at page 42. Paragraph 10 says Counter Insurgency Measures is an Important Part of the Counter Mobilisation Package. Successful operations must be carried out with a view to destroying the enemy. Mr Vlok, it is difficult for me to determine how one would be able to destroy the enemy within the normal legal structures existing at the time. MR VLOK If I was an operative on the ground and this document landed on my desk, I would understand one thing only and that is to destroy the enemy in its literal sense. MR ROSSOUW Yes, and it continues on pages 47 and 48, on page 47 it says destroy the revolutionary organisation's influence on all levels, inside and outside of the Republic? It is also difficult for me to imagine how one would destroy such an organisation's influence on all levels and I am sure that includes the military level, how one could do that outside of the Republic by means of lawful conduct and actions? It would have to be unlawful actions, would you agree with me? MR VLOK Chairperson, let me put it this way, unlawful actions were definitely part of it. There could have been other methods as well, which were lawful. MR ROSSOUW Page 48, paragraphs (b) and (c), those are the best examples, (b), (c) and (e). (b) and (c) we have referred to, I am not going to refer to them again. Judge Wilson referred to the top sentence, it says the freedom to act in terms of the Emergency Regulations must be utilised to the full, but if you read (c), it is difficult to see how within the limits of the Emergency Regulations you could destroy people and facilities. Let us look at (e), it says there clean up the rotten areas now, before it becomes entrenched and established and a lot of violence is needed from our side. Irrespective of how people from abroad or the outside world, would react to that. Would you agree with me that that is the kind of remark that could be wrongly interpreted? MR VLOK That is correct. MR ROSSOUW Thank you Mr Chairman, I have no further questions. Thank you for the opportunity, I appreciate it. NO FURTHER QUESTIONS BY MR ROSSOUW . MR VISSER I think Mr Mpshe has been sitting and waiting very patiently for his turn to cross-examine Mr Chairman. ADV MPSHE Mr Chairman, I have no questions. NO CROSS-EXAMINATION BY ADV MPSHE . MR VISSER Well, in that event Mr Chairman, I also have no questions. NO RE-EXAMINATION BY MR VISSER . ADV GCABASHE Mr Vlok, I have a couple, believe it or not. Stemming from some of what Mr Penzhorn asked you, when you went to see P.W. Botha in 1996 to inform him that you would be applying for amnesty, did you have a conversation about him coming forward to support the amnesty applications of the people involved in these incidents? MR VLOK Chairperson, our conversation dealt mainly with my situation, and that is the reason why I went to see him. I did not recommend to him to come forward to promote other peoples' amnesty applications, no, I didn't. ADV GCABASHE During that conversation, at no time did you discuss the instruction from himself as you understood it, because there is an obvious difference of opinion here as to what that instruction really meant? MR VLOK We discussed it and he agreed as he also indicated in the document which was submitted regarding the words that it should be made unusable and that nobody should be killed. On that point we agreed completely. ADV GCABASHE But you failed to agree on the specific instruction from him, being that you must go out and destroy it illegally, by illegal means or unlawful means, you didn't agree on that? MR VLOK No, but we didn't discuss that. What we discussed was the words that he used, the further inferences of those words, we didn't discuss. ADV GCABASHE On a slightly different aspect, this is just your opinion that I am seeking, you believe that the instruction was to do all you could to destroy this building? The instruction given to you after the State Security Council meeting? MR VLOK That is correct. ADV GCABASHE Do you think that Mr Botha, P.W. Botha spoke to you about this that separately because he knew that the State Security Council would oppose any action taken by the Police specifically without involving them, just your opinion? MR VLOK It wasn't strange to me that Mr Botha spoke to me alone. That was his style and during his period as President, it happened that he would ask Ministers to remain behind and the others would then not know at all what was discussed or what the situation was. I must tell you quite honestly that it is a possibility that the other members would have opposed it, but at that stage the members of the State Security Council and the government, we were in a dilemma as regards the activities of Khotso House. I want to emphasise the activities and that does not include Adv Dane's clients, the churches. I think we have solved that one, but we were really deeply troubled by the situation and it was causing an escalating revolutionary climate which brought us closer and closer to the final revolutionary explosion and we wanted to avert that. I don't know whether if Mr Botha put the matter in the State Security Council, whether there would have been a discussion about it, I am sure there would have been, but we never voted about it. As to who would have been for it and who would have been against it, I don't know. All I can tell you is that afterwards, when they heard it and when we saw what the consequences were, nobody was angry with me, that is what I can tell you honestly. ADV GCABASHE Would I be correct to say though that had Mr Botha said to you at that meeting, make a plan, do something about this particular building, it would not have been anything unusual, he could have said the same thing in the State Security Council meeting? MR VLOK Yes, if he used those words, yes correct. Make a plan, do something, yes. ADV GCABASHE But you are saying he went beyond that to say destroy it? MR VLOK No, he didn't say destroy it? ADV GCABASHE I beg your pardon, he went beyond that to say? MR VLOK He said as I told you, render it unusable, and if he said that in the State Security Council meeting in that way, then one would have reached the same conclusion. I would have reached exactly the same conclusion when Gen Van der Merwe and I spoke about it, there was nothing else that we could do. ADV GCABASHE A related area that I am not very clear about, did you at the State Security Council ever discuss the distinction between communist activities as you saw them, Marxist/Leninist leanings by particular persons in Khotso House or the community at large and distinguish that from what I would call and I just picked that up from the Eloff Commission report, social justice issues because that is what it essentially talked about, the Eloff Commission report? Just social justice or what we today call human rights issues, did you ever distinguish between the two when analysing what was going on in Khotso House? MR VLOK Chairperson, I can't remember during the presentations, whether this distinction was drawn very clearly, but I must tell you that we had no problem with political activities that these people were engaging in. But the moment when the violence aspect entered the picture, that is when matters became difficult and then we would say that is not the business of that particular organisation and they are causing problems. They are causing more problems than they are solving and we were in favour of political progress. Certain activities that took place there, actually hampered the political progress, but that it was discussed and that a distinction was drawn, that I can't remember. ADV GCABASHE When we look at Exhibit C, this is part of what Leon Wessels had submitted, that is where I picked up the Imminent Persons Group report, which was filed in 1986 presumably or they were here during that period and it is in this report where in paragraph, if you start from the first top, three, they say that - I will just quote the last, relevant bit, unlike the earlier periods of unrest and government attempts to stamp out protest, there has during the last 18 months been no outflow of black refugees from South Africa. The strength of black convictions is now matched by a readiness to die for those convictions. This is similar to a point raised by Mr Dane for the SACC, was there a policy discussion either in Cabinet or at the State Security Council on this report, and or on this particular aspect of how ingrained the resistance was within the country? MR VLOK We didn't discuss it specifically in those terms, but what we did discuss was the counter strategy of the government to deal with and manage the situation, and one of the elements of that strategy was that we should find a political solution which would be acceptable for these people. We in the Security community knew that the resistance present amongst just the ordinary man in the street was busy escalating and that is why Gen Van der Merwe said that at one point there were 40 000 people in detention, and we in the Security Forces knew that we could no longer continue along that road. Some people were detained for 15 to 18 months and ultimately we had hunger strikes which caused grave problems, so it was not a solution, it was just a holding action. From our side there was a very clear realisation amongst the members of the Security communities that the politicians, the government should urgently seek a political solution. That was said repeatedly and that was discussed repeatedly and the Minister, responsible Minister for Constitutional Development, he played a very important role here, but that also had another side to it. If you act against an activists who could possibly take part in the negotiations, if you detain him, then you actually hampering the political progress, so it was a no win situation, and that is when Mr De Klerk came and said we should tackle this political problem, we should grasp the bull by the horns and open up the political arena and that is when we started making progress for the first time. ADV GCABASHE You see General, I think again Mr Raditapole put to you the whole issue they saw it, or they see it now as a campaign, they saw it now, a campaign against let's say COSATU as such having submitted the Exhibit with all the other incidents that you have said you don't know about, fair enough. In light of that, is it incorrect to conclude that the Police realised that they couldn't win this fight, yet out of frustration which now borders more on ill-will, malice, just shear frustration, they continued to target organisations such as COSATU and the SACC and that in fact therefore, they were not promoting or meeting the political objectives of the National Party which was looking at the whole reformist way of dealing with the situation? Would you say that that is not the right conclusion to draw, that it is frustration, malice, ill-will? MR VLOK Yes, there was frustration, that is true. But everybody was frustrated, there was frustration in government circles, in the Police, but also amongst the members of the liberation movements. In my amnesty application I tried to indicate why certain things took place, without the necessity for an order being given, the liberation movements motivated their people in the liberation struggle outside, and they continued to do so over the years and they motivated them to oppose apartheid. We did the same, we motivated people to stand up against communism and to oppose all those that we thought would promote communism, even though they might have been innocent people. So, it wasn't necessary for us to actually give an order to do something. In the same way it wasn't necessary for the liberation movements, it wasn't necessary to give certain orders. For the Security Forces, it was often a matter of a communality of purpose, to fight against an enemy. So in my time and within my knowledge, there was never any talk in government circles of a campaign to bombard people's buildings and to kill them, there was no such campaign, but there was a communality of purpose to oppose that which we believed we should oppose and fight against, and this paragraph which you have quoted, indicates that in the liberation struggle even amongst the young black people, there was this sentiment that they said they had enough, they had a common purpose and they needed no specific orders. ADV GCABASHE This communality of purpose you would then argue, was still in line with National Party policy and strategy overall? MR VLOK Yes, correct. It fell within the ambit and the framework of the National Party's programme of principles, it was part of their policy regarding religious freedom and freedom to own property, the Capitalist free market system, that all fell within that framework which we tried to defend and protect. ADV GCABASHE Again you would argue that the illegality of the actions again, does not take it away from that ambit of government policy or National Party policy and objectives? MR VLOK No, not as I explained it, or as I experienced it. ADV GCABASHE Even though at no stage were unlawful actions or any form of illegality promoted by or encouraged by those same policy makers or the National Party itself? MR VLOK No, as far as I was concerned, it still fell within the framework established by the political parties to promote and protect that which fell within the framework. Even though they never took a decision on violence, just as the liberation movements never actually took a decision regarding violence, they simply said that they acted against collaborators and Policemen, etc, but there was never any decision taken per se and the same applied to us. ADV GCABASHE Thank you Mr Vlok. Thank you Chair. MR SIBANYONI Mr Vlok, I have a couple of questions for you. It was impressive at the beginning of your evidence, I heard you saying I won't quote you verbatim but I will just paraphrase what you were saying, you were saying words to the effect that you regard the TRC as an opportunity to achieve reconciliation between the parties who were in conflict in the past, and you are even praying to God that this should be successful. Did I understand you correctly? MR VLOK That is correct Chairperson. Yes, I believe it. MR SIBANYONI Do you still hold that view, that opinion now that you had experience of testifying, being asked questions? MR VLOK In spite of Mr Dane's difficult questions which he put to me, I would like to state that I have been very fairly treated by this Committee. On the contrary after having been through this process, I am more convinced than ever before that it is the right procedure which we are following. MR SIBANYONI And I also heard you saying you are taking moral and political responsibility for what has been, what had happened? MR VLOK That is correct. MR SIBANYONI I have a feeling that it would appear you go a step even further to the extent that it would appear that you are taking even responsibility for what other people did? Let me refer to an instance of the instruction to bomb Khotso House. You know, we spent much time asking you as exactly who came up with that idea and at one stage it sounded as if it was Mr Botha who gave the instruction, but with the choice of the words you were using, it was not clear who initiated the instruction. That is one leg, the other leg is when it comes to the operatives on the ground, it seems you are saying you take responsibility in the sense that the words you were using might have given the impression or the interpretation which was not intended by you. MR VLOK That is correct. MR SIBANYONI My view is it would appear you are all embracive, you are prepared to take the blame of other people, what do you say about that? MR VLOK Can I just say as far as Khotso House is concerned, when Mr Botha gave me the order, I had a choice. I analysed the information and Gen Van der Merwe and I discussed it and I came to the conclusion that I must do what I did. So I took that decision myself. I could have gone back and said no, I refuse and then take the consequences flowing from that. But in the circumstances I thought that I should act as I did. As far as the operatives on the ground is concerned, and my approach to them, I have given it a lot of thought and as far as that is concerned, I didn't deliberately go out to embrace them, because it isn't a pleasant thing to accept responsibility for what happened, but what is important is what is right towards us all. What is right towards me, towards Mr Botha, but also what is right towards the people on the ground, who from the 1950's helped the National Party to retain power, so I think it would be unfair of me to run away from these people. If in the process it helps them, and contributes to placing their actions within the framework, the political framework for which I accept political responsibility, then I do so because it is the right thing to do and because it is the truth. MR SIBANYONI Now if I may ask you this question for the last time to say who gave the order to bomb Khotso House, is it possible to give just a short answer, without motivation? MR VLOK It is as I set it out in my document, Mr Botha spoke to me about it, or explained it, I reconsidered, decided yes, let's do it. MR SIBANYONI Right, you among others said the government or the Police were also fighting a just war as much as the liberation forces were fighting a just war? MR VLOK That is correct. MR SIBANYONI But in the same breath you said at one stage it was realised that apartheid was wrong, that is why you decided to try and reform it. Do you still say, I am having the opinion that you were fighting to preserve apartheid which you now admit it was wrong. Will you still insist that the war you were fighting, was a just war? MR VLOK That was part of our problem. We propped up apartheid and maintained it, whilst we were actually fighting against something which we believed was more (indistinct) than apartheid. That is why I said apartheid was wrong, and that is why we apologised for apartheid and the misery which it caused. As far as these incidents are concerned and as far as apartheid in general is concerned, I supported it and I helped to maintain it, along with other Policemen, and that caused a lot of pain and suffering for our fellow South Africans. And for that I have apologised and I have said that I am sorry that it happened. I am asking people to forgive me that. While I have the opportunity, let me say that the Policemen who sit here with me today, and who have to experience this situation, I gave orders to these men and I have to apologise to them as well for having to go through this process, and I am sorry about that. I really believed that as from the 1980's onwards, we were busy dismantling apartheid when we saw that it wasn't going to work, we then started dismantling it. Mr Botha was in the forefront of dismantling apartheid in South Africa. I thought that the alternative to apartheid would be worse. I thought let us dismantle apartheid and I think Mr Botha deserved a chance to destroy apartheid totally. Yes, it wasn't enough and it wasn't fast enough, but it was as part of this process that I motivated the Security Forces to maintain the existing structures and system which caused hurt, so that it could ultimately be dismantled in an orderly fashion. MR SIBANYONI What will you say if I put this to you that it would appear the Police and other people were motivated on wrong premises to say we are fighting against communism, Marxist ideology and today we don't see that Marxist ideology and communism? MR VLOK I think the Commissioner is using the right words when he says today we don't see, but that is today. This fight started in the 1950's, the struggle and if we think back to what the world looked like in the 1950's, 1960's, 1970, and the early 1980's, that was the heyday of communism which according to the evidence, was actually conquering the world. We have heard the evidence that international communism was busy taking over the entire world with everything that flowed from that, so we the Security Forces, are not given a lot of credit today, but I think that South Africa actually owes a debt of gratitude to the Security Forces that they, despite everything which went wrong and all the bad things which we have to admit, and I am in favour of admitting that, but that we in the 1950's, 1960's and 1970's, even in the early 1980's, we prevented South Africa from being conquered by communism and by a communist controlled government. I am in no doubt that if that happened, we would have had a communist government in South Africa with all the attendant problems as we see in other countries where communism has actually come to a fall. So communism actually has a window of opportunities. We got the opportunity when communism came to a fall, the communists were no longer as strong as they were, they could no longer dominate the ANC and other organisations and that was our opportunity and we grabbed that opportunity. MR SIBANYONI The last but one question, you quoted one Act which you said the Police had to uphold that Act and you didn't agree with it, the Separate Amenities Act. What about the Internal Security Act? MR VLOK Chairperson, the Internal Security Act was regarded by us and the Security Police as a very important instrument in acting against people who by means of suggestive methods were trying to overthrow the State. That is why we built up an arsenal of legislation and it was a very important instrument in this arsenal of legislation. We intended to maintain that law until we, in South Africa, could achieve a different political dispensation in which it would no longer be necessary. MR SIBANYONI But if I remember some of the provisions of the Act to the effect that when a person is detained upon the order of the Commissioner of Police and within three months the Minister of Police has to confirm it. If we look at the number of people who were arrested in South Africa, my view is you wouldn't be in a position to apply your mind in each and every case to can confirm the order and as a result, for example we take the case of Shirley Gunn, you wouldn't be in a position to know exactly what are the facts, is the order justified or not? Therefore I would say maybe that Internal Security Act was in one way or another abused. MR VLOK Chairperson, I would like to give you the assurance that in the time that I spent there, I considered every case's information and evidence and it was a lot of material, especially with regard to the Emergency Regulations, it was a lot of hard work, but I considered each and every one of them, and there were many cases where people would bring an application to the court, where I would have to answer this question. And in every case, I said that I have read what is contained within the submission and I have also concentrated on making a decision regarding that information whether or not in terms of the law, it was justified to detain such a person. MR SIBANYONI MR VLOK Chairperson, Mr Botha left it to me to make my own decision whether I would appear before the Commission or not, and therefore in the same breath, I would also leave it to Mr Botha to make his own decision regarding the matter. MR SIBANYONI Thank you Mr Chairperson. ADV DE JAGER Mr Vlok, just one remark. I have seen that in just about all the applications and you also gave evidence and the Police says that we managed to keep the National Party and the government in power, don't you think that it is a mistake if a Police Force supports a specific political party and maintains it in a position of power instead of protecting the public and making that their chief task, however here it appears that the chief task of the Police was to maintain the National Party in a position of power? MR VLOK That is correct, it shouldn't have been like that. The Security Forces must stay away from party politics. In my last years as Minister of Law and Order, we amended Police legislation, and made it an offence for a Police Officer to belong to a certain political party. It was however, too late, but you are correct. ADV DE JAGER So you wanted to keep the others out of there? MR VISSER Mr Chairman, might Mr Vlok perhaps be excused from further attendance if he has other matters to attend to? CHAIRPERSON Certainly, as I said earlier in the hearings, I am assuming that all the applicants are accessible, that they are not in the process of leaving the country or anything and when they have finished their evidence they may leave here provided if we need them, we can get them back. MR VISSER Yes, certainly we understand that proposition. Mr Chairman, thank you. WITNESS EXCUSED