self-protection units (SPUs)

... an increase in the number of abuses perpetrated by groups allied to the liberation movements – the African National Congress (ANC) self-defence units (SDUs), the Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA), vigilante groups and other surrogate forces. ...

... prevalent in, but not limited to, the Northern Province. The second category concerned a cluster of cases involving the activities of self-defence units (SDUs) in the townships, some of which did not, strictly speaking, require a hearing, but were ultimately heard to ensure that the Committee ...

... it. A similar situation applied to the submissions of the African National Congress (ANC) in respect of its role in establishing self-defence units (SDUs) in response to violent conflicts in certain townships during the early 1990s. 37. Apart from such instances, it would have been quite ...

... as a result of third force activities, the leadership of the ANC established and, in some instances encouraged the establishment of self-defence units (SDUs), which played a critical role in the defence of defenceless communities. In the event, and to the extent that any of the activities of ...

... for 420 incidents in the period 1960 to 1989.117 33. Applications ranged from individual operatives applying for amnesty for one or more acts, to units of operatives applying for a range of activities, to applications from command personnel based in the neighbouring states and in Military ...

... that more light must be shed on the role and activities of the military and the police, and especially on the role of covert and other specialist units during the violence in both the 1980s and 1990s. Ongoing research suggests that there is considerably more to be uncovered in this respect. The ...

the Commission. 9. However, by this time, the Commission had already begun to scale down its staff complement in the regional offices. Moreover, all units dealing with investigation and corroboration had been reduced. As a result, the HRVC could not complete its work. Moreover, the Commission ...

... torture without fear of consequences. The testimony of many askaris at amnesty hearings was at odds with that of white members in their particular units. In their testimony, askaris highlighted the brutality of the torture and abuse that many abductees were subjected to. The cases of Nokuthula ...

... can be little doubt that, in setting up these covert death squads, the former state could have had no misunderstanding about the intention of these units, and indeed intended that those identified as political opponents would be identified, targeted for assassination and ultimately killed. When a ...

the Commissioners, namely the Revd Dr Khoza Mgojo, as having been ‘personally involved in supplying arms used in the seven-day war to the fighting units in Richmond’. According to Mr Mncwango, the late Mr Sifiso Nkabinde said in an affidavit that Dr Mgojo had ‘used the Federal Theological ...

... be contextualised. At the time, the country was engulfed in violence in which the apartheid state was the primary actor. It had established covert units, including death squads, whose main intention was to assassinate those considered to be political opponents, and was using all its might to ...

some cases. 40. The Johannesburg unit also made greater use of the South African Police Services (SAPS), including the SAPS video and canine sniffer units. 41. The KwaZulu-Natal unit relied to a large extent on the pointing out of grave sites by amnesty applicants. Many of the exhumations were ...

... Khubeka lived in KwaMashu, a township to the north of Durban, and was suspected of acting in a co-ordinating capacity between external and internal units of MK. She was allegedly responsible for the storage of weaponry, organising safe-houses and collecting intelligence on possible MK targets. 9. ...

(code-named ‘Polite’), to launch operations against the SAP in his area. He testified that he had been an APLA regional commander with several units under his command and that he had been deployed in the Gauteng area (then Transvaal) in early 1993. 69. The ambush of a police vehicle was ...

... to MZ Khumalo themselves to get weapons. (Hearing at Pinetown, 8 March 1990) 58. Many of the Caprivi trainees were then deployed indifferent units within the SAP or KZP and given appointment certificates. T here was an attempt to offer the Caprivi trainees some sort of cover under the ...

The operatives travelled on foot from Lesotho, Dolo carrying a bag of rifle grenades, M26 grenades and Molotovs. At Ficksburg they divided into two units. The first, commanded by Dolo, attacked a house at No. 143 Veld Street , F i c k s burg. The second, commanded by Khotle, targeted an old age ...

... in its submission that the response of the government to the anti-pass campaign (the Sharpeville massacre) led to the ‘formation of rudimentary units comprising mainly task force members. Armed operations were carried out at Bashee, Paarl, Ntlonze and Queenstown between 1960 and 1962’. Poqo ...

Outcome of audit 59. The task team established that more than 60 per cent of the exhumations had been adequately performed by the units in KwaZulu-Natal and Johannesburg. 60. However, it also established that there were certain serious corroboration problems in 20 per cent of the cases. In the ...

... (Red Falcons),the Witkruisarende (Black Eagles), the Penkoppe ( Youth), Stormvalke (Storm Falcons), the underwater unit and various ‘ethnic’ units such as the exclusively Portuguese commandos in Johannesburg. In 1993, an air wing was also introduced and parachute training initiated. 21. ...

... out by MK members, despite the official suspension of the armed struggle. Some of these attacks may have been aimed at arming ANC self-defence units (SDUs) during the Ciskei–ANC conflicts. During 1993, there was speculation in the security forces and in the press that some of these attacks ...