self-protection units (SPUs)

... the things they should be doing. (Pinetown Hearing, 8 March 1999) 38. A similar situation applied with respect to members of the self-protection units, who were trained in the early 1990s. While the political leadership admitted having trained thousands of people for defensive purposes at ...

... from holding elections that did not accommodate the IFP’s desires for self-determination. Evidence from former members of self-protect i o n units placed before the Amnesty Committee reinforced the finding of the Commission that such armed resistance would entail the risk of violence and ...

... this area to the notorious ‘AmaSinyora’ gang, which had been implicated in a reign of terror during the mid-to late 1980s. IFP self-protection units 17. Six self-protection unit (SPU) members, who had been trained by the IFP at such informal and formal training facilities as the Mlaba or ...

Self - protection units 77. In August 1993, IFP leader, Dr M G Buthelezi called on every Zulu to pay a R5 levy for the establishment of a ‘private army’ to ‘guard against the obliteration of KwaZulu’181 In fact, the project was sponsored by monies drawn from the KwaZulu Government. At a ...

failed to pay proper re g a rd to the evidence before the Court and its judgment. The TRC in making certain findings in relation to self protection units misconceived their true nature. The training of SPUs was legal and was intended to achieve legal purposes relating to community policing and ...

Self-defence units in the Vaal 603 The formation of armed militias in the Vaal was internally sanctioned by the ANC in November 1990 in response to the conflict with between the ANC and IFP in the area. However, the formation of SDUs precipitated a power struggle in Sebokeng between ...

... special hearing on children and youth in Johannesburg, Mr George Ndlozi gave testimony on the activities of young people involved in self-defence units (SDUs) on the East Rand during the early 1990s. He insisted that “far from being a bunch of undisciplined comrades or the lost generation, ...

Park residents. Residents of Phenduka reported that they had been forced to attend meetings, pay protection money and participate in self-protection units (SPUs). Those who did not conform were issued with ‘eviction’ notices by armed youths. Most of the victims were long-term residents of ...

... by allowing them to carry out acts of violence unhindered or by failing to investigate incidents of violence perpetrated by gangs. Certain police units, such as Vlakplaas, were also more directly involved in supplying weapons to the IFP. Gangs that linked up with the IFP were one of the ...

... ALLEGATIONS AND COURT INTERDICTS CONCERNING THEIR BEHAVIOUR. THE COMMISSION FURTHER HAS EVIDENCE THAT IN CERTAIN AREAS OF THE COUNTRY THE RIOT UNITS ACTED IN CONCERT WITH SPECIAL CONSTABLES IN THE PERPETRATION OF GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS. THE COMMISSION FINDS THAT SPECIAL CONSTABLES AND ...

... Protocol 1 of 1977 defines combatant as follows: The armed forces of a Party to the conflict consist of all organised armed forces, groups, and units that are under a command responsible to that Party for the conduct of its subordinates... Members of the armed forces of a Party to the ...

... to the army and of black youth recruited into MK and, especially, through the formation of SDUs and SPUs (self-defence and special protection units). 95 For many white youth who were conscripted into the Defence Force, the nature of the war had varied psychological effects. Guerrilla ...

... equal. It accounted for many of the terrorists eliminated by the Security Forces during 1986, and had the best combat record of all SWA and RSA units during the year. 94 In 1978 the 44th Parachute Brigade was formed, as well as 4 Reconnaissance Regiment, a seaborne Special Forces unit based ...

... 284. F rom 1989, APLA cadres were infiltrated into the country and established asself - reliant, easily-manageable and controllable task force units of no more than three guerrillas. They consisted of a political commissar, whose brief was to make sure that all operations enhanced the PA C ...

this stage was ostensibly as a place to rehabilitate 'turned terrorists' or, as they were called, askaris. The askaris were eventually divided into units and supervised by white security police, and it was this change that transformed Vlakplaas into a counter-insurgency unit. The units responded ...

... the amnesty process , the Commission needed to confirm the following: a Was the ANC responsible for the creation and arming of the self-defence units ? b Was the Commission’s finding that there was not an adequate command structure correct? c Whilst acknowledging the state’s role in ...

... the MK high command were tried, an attempt was made to reconstitute the high command, but all its members were subsequently arrested. The internal units of MK were in disarray, and any Natal operatives who were not in prison or on trial went into exile. About 800 MK cadres were in exile by 1965, ...

... defend ourselves with any means at our disposal’. The Conference resolved ‘to mandate the NEC to take active steps to create people’s defence units as a matter of extreme urgency for the defence of our people.’1 4 8 1 2 7 . The SDUs were conceived as tightly structured paramilitary units ...

... until March/April 1997 that regional offices began to have the capacity to corroborate claims. Once funding was available, regional investigation units were able to identify and employ staff to serve as corroborative assistants. In consequence, the work output of corroboration teams increased, ...

Report has confirmed that the Commission was correct in making the findings that it did. GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTED BY SELF-DEFENCE UNITS 75. In its Final Report, the Commission made the following finding against the ANC in respect of the commission of gross human rights ...