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ANC landmine campaignExplanation Resistance and revolutionary groupings 497 As the conflict deepened and escalated during the mid 1980s, gross human rights violations became increasingly generalised, drawing in an ever-widening range of sectors, organisations and individuals as perpetrators. The ANC, MK and individuals ... ... A number of civilians – both white farmers, their families, and black farm labourers – were killed when these explosives were detonated. The ANC estimates that thirty landmine explosions took place in this period, resulting in some twenty-three deaths, including those of two MK members ... ■ THE LIBERATION MOVEMENTS 130 This section includes the Commission’s findings on the ANC, PAC, UDF and on ANC national executive member, Ms Winnie Madikizela-Mandela. 131 In reviewing the activities of the ANC and PAC, the Commission endorsed the position in international law that the ... ... the Commission’s Report from being published at this time. Those who instigated these two court actions were the African National Congress (ANC) and former State President Frederick Willem de Klerk. 2. After submitting its Report to the President, the Commission and its Commissioners were ... ... were granted amnesty for the killing of Sergeant Orphan Hlubi Chapi outside his Soweto home in June 1978. It was, however, the formation of the ANC Special Operations Unit in 1979 that led to the launch of several high-profile attacks on police stations, state infrastructure and a major ... Violations committed in the course of the armed struggle 136 The ANC has accepted responsibility for all actions committed by members of MK under its command in the period 1961 to August 1990. In this period there were a number of such actions – in particular the placing of limpet and ... [AC/2001/003 and AC/2001/023]. Landmine campaign 72. Landmine operations began in late 1985 under the overall command of MHQ and were approved by ANC President Oliver Tambo. In terms of ANC policy, only anti-tank landmines were approved for use; anti-personnel mines were specifically excluded. ... ANC violations against its members outside South Africa 79. Although the Commission received significant information from the ANC through its submissions, its own commission reports and certain internal files, it received very few individual amnesty applications in respect of ANC violations ... 1984 Mutinies by frustrated MK soldiers at ANC camps Viana and Pango are crushed in early 1984, resulting in the execution of seven mutineers and the imprisonment of others at Quatro rehabilitation camp. The Lusaka agreement between South Africa and Angola is signed in February, after South ... ... homes and on vehicles belonging to opponents of the government. 531 In the Cry Freedom incident, bomb threats originating from the Security Branch had the effect of preventing the screening of David Attenborough’s film on the life and death of Steve Biko. The Minister of Internal Affairs ... ... when activists and leaders were violently attacked, and that some UDF leaders, particularly youth leaders, publicly promoted political intolerance. 257 This period was notable also for a shift in the nature of the ANC’s armed campaign within the country, largely in response to popular ... ... dictates of public conscience. There can be no justification for the choice of civilians as targets. 76. The amnesty decisions have supported the stance the Commission took with regard to attacks on civilians. No compelling evidence has been provided to the Commission to persuade it to change its ... ... headquarters in Pretoria and the Security Branch offices in Witbank. The civilians killed or injured were not the intended target. Similarly, the ANC landmine campaign was aimed at security force patrols even though the casualties were overwhelmingly civilian. 69. Amnesty applicants for the ... ... signing of the Nkomati Accord and a similar earlier negotiated agreement with Swaziland, together with the considerable success of the Security Branch’s anti-terrorist units, held out the promise that MK’s supply and infiltration routes had been severely compromised if not totally cut off. ... men followed Mamasela to a place north of Pienaarsrivier where they were beaten, kicked and then strangled to death by Northern Transvaal Security Branch operatives. Their bodies were subsequently placed on a landmine on a road in Bophuthatswana, which was then detonated. The applicants were ... |
