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Pondoland revolt

Explanation
The Pondoland revolt, also known as Nonqulwana , took place in Pondoland in the eastern Transkei in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It was an extended uprising by Pondoland groups - particularly ANC supporters who referred to themselves as iKongo members - against the imposition of tribal authorities and impending self-government for Transkei. Numerous incidents of violence took place during 1960, including clashes between security forces and iKongo members, attacks by iKongo members on chiefs and those regarded as collaborating with chiefs or police, and the destruction of iKongo members' homes by chiefs. On 6 June 1960, conflict developed between security forces and iKongo members at Ngquza Hill in the Lusikisiki region of Pondoland, when security forces broke up an iKongo meeting. Victims told the Commission that the meeting was tear-gassed from aircraft, after which police on the ground moved in, some of them opening fire, killing at least 11 iKongo members. Immediately after the Ngquza shootings, police rounded up suspects. Family members were also assaulted by police in attempts to track suspects. Legal methods used by the security forces to crush this revolt included the declaration of a state of emergency on 30 November 1960, widespread detentions, criminal prosecutions and banishment of families. Illegal methods included torture in custody (primarily in detention), deaths in custody, apparently due to treatment received, and the use of unnecessary force in public order policing. Mkambati forest was frequently named as a site of torture. This appears to have been a camp with tents in the forest during the 1960s, possibly set up during the Pondoland revolt as a police crisis measure, later becoming an established police station.

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An iKongo member who was arrested in 1960 in Bizana, Transkei, during the Pondoland revolt. He was detained for two years, and allegedly died as a result of injuries sustained while in detention. See Pondoland revolt.
An ANC supporter who died after being severely beaten and tortured by members of the SAP while imprisoned in Kokstad, Natal, in 1961. He had been charged with theft and political activism during the Pondoland Revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
Was severely assaulted by members of the SAP and the SADF in November 1960 in Bizana, Transkei, during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
He died after being kicked, beaten and hacked by members of the SAP in 1960 at Bizana, Transkei. The police were allegedly looking for her husband, an ANC activist, because of his involvement in the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An ANC supporter who was executed at Pretoria Central prison, Pretoria, on 6 July 1962. He had been tried in Kokstad and sentenced to death for his involvement in the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who was shot dead by members of the SAP on 6 June 1960 in Flagstaff, Transkei, during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo supporter who was severely beaten while in detention on 6 June 1960 at Mkambati Forest police station, Lusikisiki, Transkei, because of his involvement in the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
Was harassed, arrested and severely assaulted in June 1960 in Bizana, Transkei, because of his involvement in the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
Was harassed, arrested and severely assaulted in June 1960 in Bizana, Transkei, because of his involvement in the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
He lost his home in an arson attack by members of the SAP in Bizana, Transkei, during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who disappeared after he was abducted from his home by members of the SAP in 1960 in Bizana, Transkei, during the Pondoland revolt. He has never been seen again. See Pondoland revolt.
An ANC supporter who was arrested and tortured at Mount Frere police station during the Pondoland Revolt. Mr Mfuywa was later sentenced to death along with five others for his alleged involvement in a killing during the revolt. The six were executed at Pretoria Central prison on 18 September 1962.
Was assaulted and lost her home in Bizana, Transkei, when it was set alight in 1961 by named councilors in the presence of members of the SAP. Ms Tshangela’s husband was an iKongo member involved in the Pondoland revolt and the police were constantly looking for him.
Was tortured in detention in 1961 in Bizana, Transkei, after members of the SAP found an old ANC membership card in his home. See Pondoland revolt.
Was tortured in Umtata, Transkei, and sentenced to three years’ imprisonment on Robben Island, Cape Town, in 1963, for her involvement in the Pondoland revolt.
Was detained and beaten in 1960 in Bizana, Transkei. Mr Mgatshi was involved in the Nonqulwana group who met to discuss problems regarding the tribal authorities. See Pondoland revolt.
Was detained at the Bizana police station, Transkei, in 1960, on suspicion of harbouring terrorists in his home. During his detention, Mr Gcayiya was assaulted. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who was assaulted in detention and lost his home in an arson attack in 1960 in Emonti, Bizana, Transkei, in a revenge attack after he had burnt down homes belonging to informers. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who was severely beaten by a member of the SAP at her house in Bizana, Transkei, in 1960, during the Pondoland revolt.
Was severely beaten by members of the SAP in Kwasilangwe, Bizana, Transkei, during the 1960 police detentions of Pondo community members. Mr Chushela and others were ploughing their fields when police assaulted and arrested them. See Pondoland revolt.
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