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Pondoland revolt

Explanation
The Pondoland revolt, also known as Nonqulwana , took place in Pondoland in the eastern Transkei in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It was an extended uprising by Pondoland groups - particularly ANC supporters who referred to themselves as iKongo members - against the imposition of tribal authorities and impending self-government for Transkei. Numerous incidents of violence took place during 1960, including clashes between security forces and iKongo members, attacks by iKongo members on chiefs and those regarded as collaborating with chiefs or police, and the destruction of iKongo members' homes by chiefs. On 6 June 1960, conflict developed between security forces and iKongo members at Ngquza Hill in the Lusikisiki region of Pondoland, when security forces broke up an iKongo meeting. Victims told the Commission that the meeting was tear-gassed from aircraft, after which police on the ground moved in, some of them opening fire, killing at least 11 iKongo members. Immediately after the Ngquza shootings, police rounded up suspects. Family members were also assaulted by police in attempts to track suspects. Legal methods used by the security forces to crush this revolt included the declaration of a state of emergency on 30 November 1960, widespread detentions, criminal prosecutions and banishment of families. Illegal methods included torture in custody (primarily in detention), deaths in custody, apparently due to treatment received, and the use of unnecessary force in public order policing. Mkambati forest was frequently named as a site of torture. This appears to have been a camp with tents in the forest during the 1960s, possibly set up during the Pondoland revolt as a police crisis measure, later becoming an established police station.

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She lost her cattle and her vegetable garden in an attack by members of the SADF at Ezityabeni Location, near Bizana, Transkei, in December 1960 during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An ANC supporter who was arrested and beaten while in detention in Bizana, Transkei, in June 1960, because of his involvement in the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who lost his house in an arson attack by members of the SAP in Bizana, Transkei, in 1963 during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo supporter who was executed at Pretoria Central prison in 1961 for his involvement in the Pondoland revolt of 1960. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who was executed at Pretoria Central prison on 29 March 1961 for murdering an alleged police informer during the 1960 Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
Was assaulted by members of the SAP in March 1960 at Isikelo, near Bizana, Transkei, allegedly because of his involvement in the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An ANC member who was detained by the SAP in 1960 in Bizana, Transkei, for his involvement in the Pondoland Revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who was detained at Bizana, Transkei, in June 1960, for his involvement in the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
Was detained in early 1961 and severely assaulted by members of the SAP in Pietermaritzburg during the Pondoland revolt in Nonqulwana. He was allegedly detained because he was known to have attended Nonqulwana for planning meetings during the uprising. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who was detained and severely beaten by SAP members at Mgungundlovu prison in Pietermaritzburg, in January 1961, during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An ANC supporter who was severely assaulted and detained for three months at Bizana, Transkei, in June 1960 during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An ANC supporter who was severely assaulted during his two month detention at Bizana, Transkei, in June 1960, during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
His home was destroyed in an attack by iKongo members in Bizana in 1960. The iKongo accused him of supporting tribal authorities during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo supporter who was executed in Pretoria on 21 March 1962 for his alleged role in the killing of Chief Vukayibambe Sigcau and two of his headmen during the 1960 Pondoland Revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who was detained for four years from 1960 during the Pondoland revolt. While in detention, he was tortured. See Pondoland revolt.
Was severely beaten with sjamboks by members of the SAP while in detention in Bizana, Transkei, in 1960 during the Pondoland revolt. Mr Vungayi subsequently died, allegedly as a result of his injuries. See Pondoland revolt.
An ANC supporter who was detained for two years from March 1960 by members of the SAP in Kokstad, Natal, for his involvement in the Pondoland Revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
His home was destroyed in an arson attack by ANC members in Bizana in 1960. Mr Gwayi refused to join the iKongo during the Pondoland revolt and was therefore regarded as an informer. See Pondoland revolt.
An iKongo member who lost the use of his leg after being shot and injured on 6 June 1960 in Flagstaff, Transkei, during the Ngquza Hill raid in which police members ambushed community members attending a Nonqulwana meeting during the Pondoland revolt. See Pondoland revolt.
An ANC member who was assaulted with sticks by SADF and SAP members while in detention in Kokstad and Bizana prisons in June 1960. In the Pondoland revolt, Mr Jinineka had taken part in the protest against the allocation of land to whites in return for money. See Pondoland revolt.
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